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Joshua 12

BSB·24 verses ·Old Testament
✦ Tap any verse to open Scripture Explorer — original Hebrew/Greek, commentary, notes & highlights
1Now these are the kingsמַלְכֵ֣יmal·ḵê — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of the landהָאָ֗רֶץhā·’ā·reṣ — Land, earth, or countryH776 — Full Word Study → whom the Israelitesבְנֵֽי־ḇə·nê- — Son; descendant; member of a groupH1121 — Full Word Study → struck downהִכּ֤וּhik·kū — To strike, smite, or defeat with forceH5221 — Full Word Study → and whoseאֲשֶׁ֨ר’ă·šer — who, which, that; when, where, becauseH834 — Full Word Study → landsאַרְצָ֔ם’ar·ṣām — Land, earth, or countryH776 — Full Word Study → they tookוַיִּֽרְשׁ֣וּway·yir·šū — to possess, inherit, dispossessH3423 — Full Word Study → beyondבְּעֵ֥בֶרbə·‘ê·ḇer — side, border, region beyondH5676 — Full Word Study → the Jordanהַיַּרְדֵּ֖ןhay·yar·dên — The flowing riverH3383 — Full Word Study → to the eastמִזְרְחָ֣הmiz·rə·ḥāh — east; direction of the sunrise; eastern regionH4217 — Full Word Study →, from the Arnonאַרְנוֹן֙’ar·nō·wn — Rushing streamH769 — Full Word Study → Valleyמִנַּ֤חַלmin·na·ḥal — A stream or winter torrent; a narrow valleyH5158 — Full Word Study → toעַד־‘aḏ- — until, till, up to (temporal or spatial limit)H5704 — Full Word Study → Mountהַ֣רhar — Mountain, hill, or elevated land massH2022 — Full Word Study → Hermonחֶרְמ֔וֹןḥer·mō·wn — Mount Hermon, the highest peak in the Anti-Lebanon rangeH2768 — Full Word Study →, including allוְכָל־wə·ḵāl — All, every, whole, totalityH3605 — Full Word Study → the Arabahהָעֲרָבָ֖הhā·‘ă·rā·ḇāh — The Rift ValleyH6160 — Full Word Study → eastwardמִזְרָֽחָה׃miz·rā·ḥāh — east; direction of the sunrise; eastern regionH4217 — Full Word Study →: 2Sihonסִיחוֹן֙sî·ḥō·wn — King of the AmoritesH5511 — Full Word Study → kingמֶ֣לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of the Amoritesהָאֱמֹרִ֔יhā·’ĕ·mō·rî — Canaanite peoplesH567 — Full Word Study →, who livedהַיּוֹשֵׁ֖בhay·yō·wō·šêḇ — to dwell, inhabit, settle, remainH3427 — Full Word Study → in Heshbonבְּחֶשְׁבּ֑וֹןbə·ḥeš·bō·wn — Heshbon, a cityH2809 — Full Word Study →. He ruledמֹשֵׁ֡לmō·šêl — To rule, reign, or exercise dominionH4910 — Full Word Study → from Aroerמֵעֲרוֹעֵ֡רmê·‘ă·rō·w·‘êr — A city in ancient IsraelH6177 — Full Word Study → onעַל־‘al- — upon, over, against; concerningH5921 — Full Word Study → the rimשְׂפַת־śə·p̄aṯ- — Lips; edge, border, or shoreH8193 — Full Word Study → of the Arnonאַרְנ֜וֹן’ar·nō·wn — Rushing streamH769 — Full Word Study → Valleyנַ֨חַלna·ḥal — A stream or winter torrent; a narrow valleyH5158 — Full Word Study →, along the middleוְת֤וֹךְwə·ṯō·wḵ — midst, among, between, throughH8432 — Full Word Study → of the valleyהַנַּ֙חַל֙han·na·ḥal — A stream or winter torrent; a narrow valleyH5158 — Full Word Study →, up toוְעַד֙wə·‘aḏ — until, till, up to (temporal or spatial limit)H5704 — Full Word Study → the Jabbokיַבֹּ֣קyab·bōq — He struggles or flowsH2999 — Full Word Study → Riverהַנַּ֔חַלhan·na·ḥal — A stream or winter torrent; a narrow valleyH5158 — Full Word Study → (the borderגְּב֖וּלgə·ḇūl — boundary, border, or limit of a regionH1366 — Full Word Study → of theבְּנֵ֥יbə·nê — Son; descendant; member of a groupH1121 — Full Word Study → Ammonitesעַמּֽוֹן׃‘am·mō·wn — Ammon or AmmonitesH5983 — Full Word Study →), that is, halfוַחֲצִ֣יwa·ḥă·ṣî — half, middle, midstH2677 — Full Word Study → of Gileadהַגִּלְעָ֔דhag·gil·‘āḏ — Rocky, hilly regionH1568 — Full Word Study →, 3as well as the Arabahוְהָעֲרָבָה֩wə·hā·‘ă·rā·ḇāh — The Rift ValleyH6160 — Full Word Study → eastמִזְרָ֗חָהmiz·rā·ḥāh — east; direction of the sunrise; eastern regionH4217 — Full Word Study → of the Seaיָ֨םyām — Sea, body of water; also directional (west, south)H3220 — Full Word Study → of Chinnerethכִּנְר֜וֹתkin·rō·wṯ — Sea of Galilee, freshwater lake in northern PalestineH3672 — Full Word Study → toעַד־‘aḏ- — until, till, up to (temporal or spatial limit)H5704 — Full Word Study → the Seaיָ֣םyām — Sea, body of water; also directional (west, south)H3220 — Full Word Study → of the Arabahהָעֲרָבָ֤הhā·‘ă·rā·ḇāh — The Rift ValleyH6160 — Full Word Study → (the Salt Seaיָם־yām- — Sea, body of water; also directional (west, south)H3220 — Full Word Study →), eastwardמִזְרָ֔חָהmiz·rā·ḥāh — east; direction of the sunrise; eastern regionH4217 — Full Word Study → throughדֶּ֖רֶךְde·reḵ — way, path, journey, conductH1870 — Full Word Study → Beth-jeshimothהַיְשִׁמ֑וֹתhay·ši·mō·wṯ — Beth-jeshimoth, a city in Moab east of the JordanH1020 — Full Word Study →, and southwardוּמִ֨תֵּימָ֔ןū·mit·tê·mān — South; southward direction or regionH8486 — Full Word Study → belowתַּ֖חַתta·ḥaṯ — Under, beneath, instead of, in place ofH8478 — Full Word Study → the slopesאַשְׁדּ֥וֹת’aš·dō·wṯ — slope, hillside, or declivity of terrainH794 — Full Word Study → of Pisgahהַפִּסְגָּֽה׃hap·pis·gāh — The Cleft, or The SplitH6449 — Full Word Study →. 4Andוּגְב֗וּלū·ḡə·ḇūl — boundary, border, or limit of a regionH1366 — Full Word Study → Ogע֚וֹג‘ō·wḡ — Og of BashanH5747 — Full Word Study → kingמֶ֣לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Bashanהַבָּשָׁ֔ןhab·bā·šān — Fertile region east of JordanH1316 — Full Word Study →, one of the remnantמִיֶּ֖תֶרmî·ye·ṯer — remainder, excess, superiorityH3499 — Full Word Study → of the Rephaimהָרְפָאִ֑יםhā·rə·p̄ā·’îm — Giant; member of the Rephaim raceH7497 — Full Word Study →, who livedהַיּוֹשֵׁ֥בhay·yō·wō·šêḇ — to dwell, inhabit, settle, remainH3427 — Full Word Study → in Ashtarothבְּעַשְׁתָּר֖וֹתbə·‘aš·tā·rō·wṯ — Goddess of fertilityH6252 — Full Word Study → and Edreiוּבְאֶדְרֶֽעִי׃ū·ḇə·’eḏ·re·‘î — Strong cityH154 — Full Word Study →. 5He ruledוּ֠מֹשֵׁלū·mō·šêl — To rule, reign, or exercise dominionH4910 — Full Word Study → over Mountבְּהַ֨רbə·har — Mountain, hill, or elevated land massH2022 — Full Word Study → Hermonחֶרְמ֤וֹןḥer·mō·wn — Mount Hermon, the highest peak in the Anti-Lebanon rangeH2768 — Full Word Study →, Salecahוּבְסַלְכָה֙ū·ḇə·sal·ḵāh — Eastern border cityH5548 — Full Word Study →, allוּבְכָל־ū·ḇə·ḵāl — All, every, whole, totalityH3605 — Full Word Study → of Bashanהַבָּשָׁ֔ןhab·bā·šān — Fertile region east of JordanH1316 — Full Word Study → up toעַד־‘aḏ- — until, till, up to (temporal or spatial limit)H5704 — Full Word Study → the borderגְּב֥וּלgə·ḇūl — boundary, border, or limit of a regionH1366 — Full Word Study → of the Geshuritesהַגְּשׁוּרִ֖יhag·gə·šū·rî — Inhabitant of GeshurH1651 — Full Word Study → and Maacathitesוְהַמַּעֲכָתִ֑יwə·ham·ma·‘ă·ḵā·ṯî — Inhabitant of MaacahH4602 — Full Word Study →, and halfוַחֲצִי֙wa·ḥă·ṣî — half, middle, midstH2677 — Full Word Study → of Gileadהַגִּלְעָ֔דhag·gil·‘āḏ — Rocky, hilly regionH1568 — Full Word Study → to the borderגְּב֖וּלgə·ḇūl — boundary, border, or limit of a regionH1366 — Full Word Study → of Sihonסִיח֥וֹןsî·ḥō·wn — King of the AmoritesH5511 — Full Word Study → kingמֶֽלֶךְ־me·leḵ- — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Heshbonחֶשְׁבּֽוֹן׃ḥeš·bō·wn — Heshbon, a cityH2809 — Full Word Study →. 6Mosesמֹשֶׁ֧הmō·šeh — Drawn outH4872 — Full Word Study →, the servantעֶֽבֶד־‘e·ḇeḏ- — Servant; slave; one in bondage or serviceH5650 — Full Word Study → of the LORDיְהוָ֛הYah·weh — The LORD; God's covenant nameH3068 — Full Word Study →, and the Israelitesוּבְנֵ֥יū·ḇə·nê — Son; descendant; member of a groupH1121 — Full Word Study → had struck them downהִכּ֑וּםhik·kūm — To strike, smite, or defeat with forceH5221 — Full Word Study → and givenוַֽ֠יִּתְּנָהּway·yit·tə·nāh — to give, grant, or bestowH5414 — Full Word Study → their land as an inheritanceיְרֻשָּׁ֗הyə·ruš·šāh — Inheritance; possession; property acquired by lot or covenantH3425 — Full Word Study → to the Reubenitesלָרֻֽאוּבֵנִי֙lā·ru·’ū·ḇê·nî — A member of the tribe of ReubenH7206 — Full Word Study →, the Gaditesוְלַגָּדִ֔יwə·lag·gā·ḏî — Fortune, luckH1425 — Full Word Study →, and the half-tribeוְלַחֲצִ֖יwə·la·ḥă·ṣî — half, middle, midstH2677 — Full Word Study → of Manassehהַֽמְנַשֶּֽׁה׃סham·naš·šeh — God has made me forgetH4519 — Full Word Study →. 7And these are the kingsמַלְכֵ֣יmal·ḵê — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of the landהָאָ֡רֶץhā·’ā·reṣ — Land, earth, or countryH776 — Full Word Study → thatאֲשֶׁר֩’ă·šer — who, which, that; when, where, becauseH834 — Full Word Study → Joshuaיְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַyə·hō·wō·šu·a‘ — The Lord is salvationH3091 — Full Word Study → and the Israelitesוּבְנֵ֣יū·ḇə·nê — Son; descendant; member of a groupH1121 — Full Word Study → conqueredהִכָּ֨הhik·kāh — To strike, smite, or defeat with forceH5221 — Full Word Study → beyondבְּעֵ֤בֶרbə·‘ê·ḇer — side, border, region beyondH5676 — Full Word Study → the Jordanהַיַּרְדֵּן֙hay·yar·dên — The flowing riverH3383 — Full Word Study → to the westיָ֔מָּהyām·māh — Sea, body of water; also directional (west, south)H3220 — Full Word Study →, from Baal-gadגָּד֙gāḏ — Baal-gad, a city in the Valley of LebanonH1171 — Full Word Study → in the Valleyבְּבִקְעַ֣תbə·ḇiq·‘aṯ — valley, plain, lowland areaH1237 — Full Word Study → of Lebanonהַלְּבָנ֔וֹןhal·lə·ḇā·nō·wn — White mountainH3844 — Full Word Study → toוְעַד־wə·‘aḏ- — until, till, up to (temporal or spatial limit)H5704 — Full Word Study → Mountהָהָ֥רhā·hār — Mountain, hill, or elevated land massH2022 — Full Word Study → Halakהֶחָלָ֖קhe·ḥā·lāq — Mount Halak, a boundary mountainH2510 — Full Word Study →, which risesהָעֹלֶ֣הhā·‘ō·leh — to ascend, rise up, go upH5927 — Full Word Study → toward Seirשֵׂעִ֑ירָהśê·‘î·rāh — Seir, a mountain and region of EdomH8165 — Full Word Study → (according to the allotmentsכְּמַחְלְקֹתָֽם׃kə·maḥ·lə·qō·ṯām — Division, portion, or allotted classH4256 — Full Word Study → to the tribesלְשִׁבְטֵ֧יlə·šiḇ·ṭê — tribe; staff; scepter; rodH7626 — Full Word Study → of Israelיִשְׂרָאֵ֛לyiś·rā·’êl — God prevailsH3478 — Full Word Study →, Joshuaיְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַyə·hō·wō·šu·a‘ — The Lord is salvationH3091 — Full Word Study → gave them as an inheritanceיְרֻשָּׁ֖הyə·ruš·šāh — Inheritance; possession; property acquired by lot or covenantH3425 — Full Word Study → 8the hill countryבָּהָ֣רbā·hār — Mountain, hill, or elevated land massH2022 — Full Word Study →, the foothillsוּבַשְּׁפֵלָ֗הū·ḇaš·šə·p̄ê·lāh — The Shephelah lowlandsH8219 — Full Word Study →, the Arabahוּבָֽעֲרָבָה֙ū·ḇā·‘ă·rā·ḇāh — The Rift ValleyH6160 — Full Word Study →, the slopesוּבָ֣אֲשֵׁד֔וֹתū·ḇā·’ă·šê·ḏō·wṯ — slope, hillside, or declivity of terrainH794 — Full Word Study →, the wildernessוּבַמִּדְבָּ֖רū·ḇam·miḏ·bār — Desert; wilderness; pasture; speechH4057 — Full Word Study →, and the Negevוּבַנֶּ֑גֶבū·ḇan·ne·ḡeḇ — The South, Southern RegionH5045 — Full Word Study →—the lands of the Hittites, Amoritesהָֽאֱמֹרִ֔יhā·’ĕ·mō·rî — Canaanite peoplesH567 — Full Word Study →, Canaanitesוְהַֽכְּנַעֲנִי֙wə·hak·kə·na·‘ă·nî — Canaanite; merchant or traderH3669 — Full Word Study →, Perizzitesהַפְּרִזִּ֔יhap·pə·riz·zî — Inhabitants of the open landH6522 — Full Word Study →, Hivitesהַחִוִּ֖יha·ḥiw·wî — Hivite peopleH2340 — Full Word Study →, and Jebusitesוְהַיְבוּסִֽי׃פwə·hay·ḇū·sî — Inhabitant of JebusH2983 — Full Word Study →): 9the kingמֶ֥לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Jerichoיְרִיח֖וֹyə·rî·ḥōw — City of palmsH3405 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָ֑ד’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; the kingמֶ֧לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Aiהָעַ֛יhā·‘ay — The HeapH5857 — Full Word Study →, which is nearמִצַּ֥דmiṣ·ṣaḏ — side, flank, edgeH6654 — Full Word Study → Bethelאֵ֖ל’êl — House of GodH1008 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָֽד׃’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; 10the kingמֶ֤לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Jerusalemיְרוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙yə·rū·šā·lim — City of peaceH3389 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָ֔ד’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; the kingמֶ֥לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Hebronחֶבְר֖וֹןḥeḇ·rō·wn — Hebron, a significant ancient city in JudahH2275 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָֽד׃’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; 11the kingמֶ֤לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Jarmuthיַרְמוּת֙yar·mūṯ — A city in JudahH3412 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָ֔ד’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; the kingמֶ֥לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Lachishלָכִ֖ישׁlā·ḵîš — An ancient Judean cityH3923 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָֽד׃’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; 12the kingמֶ֤לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Eglonעֶגְלוֹן֙‘eḡ·lō·wn — A Canaanite KingH5700 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָ֔ד’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; the kingמֶ֥לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Gezerגֶּ֖זֶרge·zer — A fortified city in CanaanH1507 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָֽד׃’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; 13the kingמֶ֤לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Debirדְּבִר֙də·ḇir — Debir; a city and an Amorite kingH1688 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָ֔ד’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; the kingמֶ֥לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Gederגֶּ֖דֶרge·ḏer — A city in southern CanaanH1445 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָֽד׃’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; 14the kingמֶ֤לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Hormahחָרְמָה֙ḥā·rə·māh — Devoted to destructionH2767 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָ֔ד’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; the kingמֶ֥לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Aradעֲרָ֖ד‘ă·rāḏ — Arad, a Canaanite city in southern JudahH6166 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָֽד׃’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; 15the kingמֶ֤לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Libnahלִבְנָה֙liḇ·nāh — White or frankincenseH3841 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָ֔ד’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; the kingמֶ֥לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Adullamעֲדֻלָּ֖ם‘ă·ḏul·lām — refuge cave cityH5725 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָֽד׃’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; 16the kingמֶ֤לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Makkedahמַקֵּדָה֙maq·qê·ḏāh — A Canaanite city in JudahH4719 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָ֔ד’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; the kingמֶ֥לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Bethelאֵ֖ל’êl — House of GodH1008 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָֽד׃’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; 17the kingמֶ֤לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Tappuahתַּפּ֙וּחַ֙tap·pū·aḥ — Tappuah, a place name in ancient PalestineH8599 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָ֔ד’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; the kingמֶ֥לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Hepherחֵ֖פֶרḥê·p̄er — Hepher, a Palestinian place and personal nameH2660 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָֽד׃’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; 18the kingמֶ֤לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Aphekאֲפֵק֙’ă·p̄êq — Fortress or strongholdH663 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָ֔ד’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; the kingמֶ֥לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Lasharonלַשָּׁר֖וֹןlaš·šā·rō·wn — A fertile plainH8289 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָֽד׃’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; 19the kingמֶ֤לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Madonמָדוֹן֙mā·ḏō·wn — strife, contentionH4068 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָ֔ד’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; the kingמֶ֥לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Hazorחָצ֖וֹרḥā·ṣō·wr — Fortified city in northern CanaanH2674 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָֽד׃’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; 20the kingמֶ֣לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Shimron-meronמְראוֹן֙mə·r·’ō·wn — Shimron-meron, a city in ancient CanaanH8112 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָ֔ד’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; the kingמֶ֥לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Achshaphאַכְשָׁ֖ף’aḵ·šāp̄ — A royal Canaanite cityH407 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָֽד׃’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; 21the kingמֶ֤לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Taanachתַּעְנַךְ֙ta‘·naḵ — A Canaanite cityH8590 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָ֔ד’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; the kingמֶ֥לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Megiddoמְגִדּ֖וֹmə·ḡid·dōw — Place of GodH4023 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָֽד׃’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; 22the kingמֶ֤לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Kedeshקֶ֙דֶשׁ֙qe·ḏeš — Holy place, sanctuaryH6943 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָ֔ד’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; the kingמֶֽלֶךְ־me·leḵ- — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Jokneamיָקְנֳעָ֥םyā·qə·no·‘ām — God establishesH3362 — Full Word Study → in Carmelלַכַּרְמֶ֖לlak·kar·mel — Garden or vineyardH3760 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָֽד׃’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; 23the kingמֶ֥לֶךְme·leḵ — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Dorדּ֛וֹרdō·wr — A coastal cityH1756 — Full Word Study → in Naphath-dorדּ֖וֹרdō·wr — A coastal cityH1756 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָ֑ד’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; the kingמֶֽלֶךְ־me·leḵ- — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → of Goiimגּוֹיִ֥םgō·w·yim — Nation; a people or ethnic groupH1471 — Full Word Study → in Gilgalלְגִלְגָּ֖לlə·ḡil·gāl — Circle or rollingH1537 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָֽד׃’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →; 24and the king of Tirzahתִּרְצָ֖הtir·ṣāh — Pleasantness, beautyH8656 — Full Word Study →, oneאֶחָ֑ד’e·ḥāḏ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study →. So there were thirty-one kingsמְלָכִ֖יםmə·lā·ḵîm — A male ruler or sovereign who governs a nation or kingdomH4428 — Full Word Study → in allכָּל־kāl- — All, every, whole, totalityH3605 — Full Word Study →.
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Chapter Commentary — Joshua 12
Chapter Overview

Chapter Overview

Joshua 12 serves as a summary and confirmation of the conquest of Canaan, recording all the kings defeated during Israel's military campaigns. The chapter divides into two distinct periods: the victories east of the Jordan River under Moses' leadership (verses 1–6), and the victories west of the Jordan under Joshua's command (verses 7–24). By listing thirty-one defeated kings with their territories, this chapter provides both a historical record and a powerful testimony to God's faithfulness in fulfilling His covenant promise to give Israel the land. It reminds us that the conquest, though challenging and incomplete in some respects, was achieved through the sovereign hand of the Lord.

Verses 1–5: The Eastern Victories Under Moses

These verses catalog the two great Amorite kings defeated east of the Jordan before Joshua ever crossed the river. Sihon of Heshbon (verses 2–3) and Og of Bashan (verses 4–5) ruled vast territories. The detailed geographical boundaries—from the river Arnon to Mount Hermon, including the Sea of Chinneroth (the Sea of Galilee) and the Dead Sea—demonstrate the comprehensive scope of Israel's victories. Og is notably identified as "of the remnant of the giants," a reminder that even seemingly invincible foes fall before God's purposes. These victories were not Joshua's achievements alone; they belonged to the entire conquest narrative, establishing a beachhead on the east side of Jordan and providing crucial resources and confidence for the western campaign.

Verse 6: Moses' Gift to Three Tribes

This verse emphasizes that Moses the servant of the LORD (not just a military commander, but God's appointed leader) distributed the eastern territories to the Reubenites, Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. This distribution is significant because these tribes had chosen to settle east of Jordan, and Moses honored their request while holding them accountable to fight alongside their brothers until all Israel was secure in their inheritance. The repetition of "Moses the servant of the LORD" underscores that all land distribution came under divine authority, not mere human decision.

Verses 7–8: The Western Conquest Under Joshua

Joshua's victories span from the valley of Lebanon to Mount Seir, encompassing mountains, valleys, plains, springs, wilderness, and the Negev (south country). The text emphasizes the diversity of terrain and the variety of Canaanite peoples—Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites—all subdued by Israel's faithful obedience. This comprehensive listing reminds us that God's victory was not confined to a few spectacular battles but extended throughout the land.

Verses 9–24: The Thirty-One Kings Defeated

This detailed roster of kings—from the king of Jericho (the first victory) through the king of Tirzah (totaling thirty-one)—serves multiple purposes. It provides geographical specificity, validates Joshua's leadership, and demonstrates that the conquest touched every significant population center. Notable victories include Ai, Jerusalem, Hazor, and Megiddo—all strategically important cities. The careful enumeration shows that this was not haphazard conquest but systematic fulfillment of God's plan.

Application for Today

Joshua 12 reminds us that God keeps His promises completely and systematically. Just as He faithfully delivered Canaan to Israel, He is faithful in our lives. When we face our own spiritual battles, we can trust that God has already secured ultimate victory through Christ's resurrection. The detailed record also teaches us to remember God's works—to pause and reflect on how He has led us, protected us, and provided for us. Finally, the conquest's completion should inspire us to press forward in faith, knowing that our God is more than sufficient for every challenge we face.

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