Note: Words are shown in their original Greek order, which differs from English translations. This reflects the emphasis and structure of Scripture as originally written. Click any word to see its full lexicon entry.
1 As a prisoner in the Lord, then, I urge you to walk in a manner worthy of the calling you have received:
Παρακαλῶ οὖν ὑμᾶς ἐγὼ ὁ δέσμιος ἐν κυρίῳ ἀξίως περιπατῆσαι τῆς κλήσεως ἧς ἐκλήθητε
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing Exhort G3870 Παρακαλῶ παρακαλέω parakaléō V-Pres-Act-Ind-Sg-1P therefore G3767 οὖν oûn Conj you G4771 ὑμᾶς σύ sý Pers-Acc-Pl-2P I myself G1473 ἐγὼ ἐγώ egṓ Pers-Nom-Sg-1P the G3588 ὁ ho Art-Nom-Sg-M prisoner G1198 δέσμιος désmios N-Nom-Sg-M in G1722 ἐν en Prep [the] Lord G2962 κυρίῳ κύριος kýrios N-Dat-Sg-M worthily G516 ἀξίως axíōs Adv to walk G4043 περιπατῆσαι περιπατέω peripatéō V-Aor-Act of the G3588 τῆς ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-F calling G2821 κλήσεως κλῆσις klēsis N-Gen-Sg-F to which G3739 ἧς ὅς hós Rela-Gen-Sg-F you were called G2564 ἐκλήθητε καλέω kaléō V-Aor-Pass-Ind-Pl-2P
2 with all humility and gentleness, with patience, bearing with one another in love,
μετὰ πάσης ταπεινοφροσύνης καὶ πραΰτητος μετὰ μακροθυμίας ἀνεχόμενοι ἀλλήλων ἐν ἀγάπῃ
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing with G3326 μετὰ μετά metá Prep all G3956 πάσης πᾶς pâs Adj-Gen-Sg-F humility G5012 ταπεινοφροσύνης ταπεινοφροσύνη tapeinophrosýnē N-Gen-Sg-F and G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj gentleness G4240 πραΰτητος πραΰτης praÿtēs N-Gen-Sg-F with G3326 μετὰ μετά metá Prep patience G3115 μακροθυμίας μακροθυμία makrothymía N-Gen-Sg-F bearing with G430 ἀνεχόμενοι ἀνέχομαι anéchomai V-Pres-Mid-Nom-Pl-M one another G240 ἀλλήλων allḗlōn Reci-Gen-Pl-M in G1722 ἐν en Prep love G26 ἀγάπῃ ἀγάπη agápē N-Dat-Sg-F
3 and with diligence to preserve the unity of the Spirit through the bond of peace.
σπουδάζοντες τηρεῖν τὴν ἑνότητα τοῦ πνεύματος ἐν τῷ συνδέσμῳ τῆς εἰρήνης
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing being diligent G4704 σπουδάζοντες σπουδάζω spoudázō V-Pres-Act-Nom-Pl-M to keep G5083 τηρεῖν τηρέω tēréō V-Pres-Act the G3588 τὴν ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-F unity G1775 ἑνότητα ἑνότης henótēs N-Acc-Sg-F of the G3588 τοῦ ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-N Spirit G4151 πνεύματος πνεῦμα pneûma N-Gen-Sg-N in G1722 ἐν en Prep the G3588 τῷ ὁ ho Art-Dat-Sg-M bond G4886 συνδέσμῳ σύνδεσμος sýndesmos N-Dat-Sg-M the G3588 τῆς ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-F of peace G1515 εἰρήνης εἰρήνη eirḗnē N-Gen-Sg-F
4 There is one body and one Spirit, just as you were called to one hope when you were called;
Ἓν σῶμα καὶ ἓν πνεῦμα καθὼς καὶ ἐκλήθητε ἐν μιᾷ ἐλπίδι τῆς κλήσεως ὑμῶν
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing one G1520 Ἓν εἷς heîs Adj-Nom-Sg-N body G4983 σῶμα sōma N-Nom-Sg-N and G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj one G1520 ἓν εἷς heîs Adj-Nom-Sg-N Spirit G4151 πνεῦμα pneûma N-Nom-Sg-N even as G2531 καθὼς καθώς kathṓs Conj also G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj you were called G2564 ἐκλήθητε καλέω kaléō V-Aor-Pass-Ind-Pl-2P into G1722 ἐν en Prep one G1520 μιᾷ εἷς heîs Adj-Dat-Sg-F hope G1680 ἐλπίδι ἐλπίς elpís N-Dat-Sg-F of the G3588 τῆς ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-F calling G2821 κλήσεως κλῆσις klēsis N-Gen-Sg-F of you G4771 ὑμῶν σύ sý Pers-Gen-Pl-2P
5 one Lord, one faith, one baptism;
εἷς κύριος μία πίστις ἓν βάπτισμα
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing one G1520 εἷς heîs Adj-Nom-Sg-M Lord G2962 κύριος kýrios N-Nom-Sg-M one G1520 μία εἷς heîs Adj-Nom-Sg-F faith G4102 πίστις pístis N-Nom-Sg-F one G1520 ἓν εἷς heîs Adj-Nom-Sg-N baptism G908 βάπτισμα báptisma N-Nom-Sg-N
6 one God and Father of all, who is over all and through all and in all.
εἷς θεὸς καὶ πατὴρ πάντων ὁ ἐπὶ πάντων καὶ διὰ πάντων καὶ ἐν πᾶσιν
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing one G1520 εἷς heîs Adj-Nom-Sg-M God G2316 θεὸς θεός theós N-Nom-Sg-M and G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj Father G3962 πατὴρ πατήρ patḗr N-Nom-Sg-M of all G3956 πάντων πᾶς pâs Adj-Gen-Pl-M who [is] G3588 ὁ ho Art-Nom-Sg-M over G1909 ἐπὶ ἐπί epí Prep all G3956 πάντων πᾶς pâs Adj-Gen-Pl-M and G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj through G1223 διὰ διά diá Prep all [times] G3956 πάντων πᾶς pâs Adj-Gen-Pl-M and G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj in G1722 ἐν en Prep all G3956 πᾶσιν πᾶς pâs Adj-Dat-Pl-M
7 Now to each one of us grace has been given according to the measure of the gift of Christ.
Ἑνὶ δὲ ἑκάστῳ ἡμῶν ἐδόθη ἡ χάρις κατὰ τὸ μέτρον τῆς δωρεᾶς τοῦ Χριστοῦ
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing One G1520 Ἑνὶ εἷς heîs Adj-Dat-Sg-M now G1161 δὲ δέ dé Conj to each G1538 ἑκάστῳ ἕκαστος hékastos Adj-Dat-Sg-M of us G1473 ἡμῶν ἐγώ egṓ Pers-Gen-Pl-1P has been given G1325 ἐδόθη δίδωμι dídōmi V-Aor-Pass-Ind-Sg-3P the G3588 ἡ ὁ ho Art-Nom-Sg-F grace G5485 χάρις cháris N-Nom-Sg-F according to G2596 κατὰ κατά katá Prep the G3588 τὸ ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-N measure G3358 μέτρον métron N-Acc-Sg-N of the G3588 τῆς ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-F gift G1431 δωρεᾶς δωρεά dōreá N-Gen-Sg-F the G3588 τοῦ ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-M of Christ G5547 Χριστοῦ Χριστός Christós N-Gen-Sg-M
8 This is why it says: “When He ascended on high, He led captives away, and gave gifts to men.”
διὸ λέγει ἀναβὰς εἰς ὕψος ᾐχμαλώτευσεν αἰχμαλωσίαν ἔδωκεν δόματα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing Therefore G1352 διὸ διό dió Conj it says: G3004 λέγει λέγω légō V-Pres-Act-Ind-Sg-3P Having ascended G305 ἀναβὰς ἀναβαίνω anabaínō V-2nd-Act-Nom-Sg-M on G1519 εἰς eis Prep high G5311 ὕψος hýpsos N-Acc-Sg-N He led captive G162 ᾐχμαλώτευσεν αἰχμαλωτεύω aichmalōteúō V-Aor-Act-Ind-Sg-3P captivity G161 αἰχμαλωσίαν αἰχμαλωσία aichmalōsía N-Acc-Sg-F he gave G1325 ἔδωκεν δίδωμι dídōmi V-Aor-Act-Ind-Sg-3P gifts G1390 δόματα δόμα dóma N-Acc-Pl-N the G3588 τοῖς ὁ ho Art-Dat-Pl-M to men G444 ἀνθρώποις ἄνθρωπος ánthrōpos N-Dat-Pl-M
9 What does “He ascended” mean, except that He also descended to the lower parts of the earth?
τὸ δὲ ἀνέβη τί ἐστιν εἰ μὴ ὅτι καὶ κατέβη εἰς τὰ κατώτερα μέρη τῆς γῆς
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing the G3588 τὸ ὁ ho Art-Nom-Sg-N And G1161 δὲ δέ dé Conj He ascended G305 ἀνέβη ἀναβαίνω anabaínō V-2nd-Act-Ind-Sg-3P what G5101 τί τίς tís Inte-Nom-Sg-N is [this] G1510 ἐστιν εἰμί eimí V-Pres-Act-Ind-Sg-3P only G1487 εἰ ei Conj except G3361 μὴ μή mḗ Nega that G3754 ὅτι hóti Conj also G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj He descended G2597 κατέβη καταβαίνω katabaínō V-2nd-Act-Ind-Sg-3P into G1519 εἰς eis Prep the G3588 τὰ ὁ ho Art-Acc-Pl-N lower G2737 κατώτερα κατώτερος katṓteros Adj-Acc-Pl-N regions G3313 μέρη μέρος méros N-Acc-Pl-N of the G3588 τῆς ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-F earth? G1093 γῆς γῆ gē N-Gen-Sg-F
10 He who descended is the very One who ascended above all the heavens, in order to fill all things.
ὁ καταβὰς αὐτός ἐστιν καὶ ὁ ἀναβὰς ὑπεράνω πάντων τῶν οὐρανῶν ἵνα πληρώσῃ τὰ πάντα
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing The [One] G3588 ὁ ho Art-Nom-Sg-M having descended G2597 καταβὰς καταβαίνω katabaínō V-2nd-Act-Nom-Sg-M [the] same G846 αὐτός autós Pers-Nom-Sg-M is G1510 ἐστιν εἰμί eimí V-Pres-Act-Ind-Sg-3P also G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj [one] G3588 ὁ ho Art-Nom-Sg-M having ascended G305 ἀναβὰς ἀναβαίνω anabaínō V-2nd-Act-Nom-Sg-M above G5231 ὑπεράνω hyperánō Prep all G3956 πάντων πᾶς pâs Adj-Gen-Pl-M the G3588 τῶν ὁ ho Art-Gen-Pl-M heavens G3772 οὐρανῶν οὐρανός ouranós N-Gen-Pl-M so that G2443 ἵνα hína Conj He may fill G4137 πληρώσῃ πληρόω plēróō V-Aor-Act-Sub-Sg-3P the G3588 τὰ ὁ ho Art-Acc-Pl-N all things G3956 πάντα πᾶς pâs Adj-Acc-Pl-N
11 And it was He who gave some to be apostles, some to be prophets, some to be evangelists, and some to be pastors and teachers,
Καὶ αὐτὸς ἔδωκεν τοὺς μὲν ἀποστόλους τοὺς δὲ προφήτας τοὺς δὲ εὐαγγελιστάς τοὺς δὲ ποιμένας καὶ διδασκάλους
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing And G2532 Καὶ καί kaí Conj He himself G846 αὐτὸς αὐτός autós Pers-Nom-Sg-M gave G1325 ἔδωκεν δίδωμι dídōmi V-Aor-Act-Ind-Sg-3P some G3588 τοὺς ὁ ho Art-Acc-Pl-M indeed G3303 μὲν μέν mén Part [to be] apostles G652 ἀποστόλους ἀπόστολος apóstolos N-Acc-Pl-M some G3588 τοὺς ὁ ho Art-Acc-Pl-M however G1161 δὲ δέ dé Conj prophets G4396 προφήτας προφήτης prophḗtēs N-Acc-Pl-M some G3588 τοὺς ὁ ho Art-Acc-Pl-M however G1161 δὲ δέ dé Conj evangelists G2099 εὐαγγελιστάς εὐαγγελιστής euangelistḗs N-Acc-Pl-M some G3588 τοὺς ὁ ho Art-Acc-Pl-M however G1161 δὲ δέ dé Conj shepherds G4166 ποιμένας ποιμήν poimḗn N-Acc-Pl-M and G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj teachers G1320 διδασκάλους διδάσκαλος didáskalos N-Acc-Pl-M
12 to equip the saints for works of ministry and to build up the body of Christ,
πρὸς τὸν καταρτισμὸν τῶν ἁγίων εἰς ἔργον διακονίας εἰς οἰκοδομὴν τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing toward G4314 πρὸς πρός prós Prep the G3588 τὸν ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-M perfecting G2677 καταρτισμὸν καταρτισμός katartismós N-Acc-Sg-M of the G3588 τῶν ὁ ho Art-Gen-Pl-M saints G40 ἁγίων ἅγιος hágios Adj-Gen-Pl-M for G1519 εἰς eis Prep [the] work G2041 ἔργον érgon N-Acc-Sg-N of ministry G1248 διακονίας διακονία diakonía N-Gen-Sg-F for G1519 εἰς eis Prep [the] building up G3619 οἰκοδομὴν οἰκοδομή oikodomḗ N-Acc-Sg-F of the G3588 τοῦ ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-N body G4983 σώματος σῶμα sōma N-Gen-Sg-N the G3588 τοῦ ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-M of Christ G5547 Χριστοῦ Χριστός Christós N-Gen-Sg-M
13 until we all reach unity in the faith and in the knowledge of the Son of God, as we mature to the full measure of the stature of Christ.
μέχρι καταντήσωμεν οἱ πάντες εἰς τὴν ἑνότητα τῆς πίστεως καὶ τῆς ἐπιγνώσεως τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ εἰς ἄνδρα τέλειον εἰς μέτρον ἡλικίας τοῦ πληρώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing until G3360 μέχρι méchri Conj we may attain G2658 καταντήσωμεν καταντάω katantáō V-Aor-Act-Sub-Pl-1P the G3588 οἱ ὁ ho Art-Nom-Pl-M all G3956 πάντες πᾶς pâs Adj-Nom-Pl-M to G1519 εἰς eis Prep the G3588 τὴν ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-F unity G1775 ἑνότητα ἑνότης henótēs N-Acc-Sg-F of the G3588 τῆς ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-F faith G4102 πίστεως πίστις pístis N-Gen-Sg-F and G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj of the G3588 τῆς ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-F knowledge G1922 ἐπιγνώσεως ἐπίγνωσις epígnōsis N-Gen-Sg-F of the G3588 τοῦ ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-M Son G5207 υἱοῦ υἱός huiós N-Gen-Sg-M the G3588 τοῦ ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-M of God G2316 θεοῦ θεός theós N-Gen-Sg-M unto G1519 εἰς eis Prep a man G435 ἄνδρα ἀνήρ anḗr N-Acc-Sg-M a complete G5046 τέλειον τέλειος téleios Adj-Acc-Sg-M to G1519 εἰς eis Prep [the] measure G3358 μέτρον métron N-Acc-Sg-N of [the] stature G2244 ἡλικίας ἡλικία hēlikía N-Gen-Sg-F of the G3588 τοῦ ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-N fullness G4138 πληρώματος πλήρωμα plḗrōma N-Gen-Sg-N the G3588 τοῦ ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-M of Christ G5547 Χριστοῦ Χριστός Christós N-Gen-Sg-M
14 Then we will no longer be infants, tossed about by the waves and carried around by every wind of teaching and by the clever cunning of men in their deceitful scheming.
ἵνα μηκέτι ὦμεν νήπιοι κλυδωνιζόμενοι καὶ περιφερόμενοι παντὶ ἀνέμῳ τῆς διδασκαλίας ἐν τῇ κυβείᾳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐν πανουργίᾳ πρὸς τὴν μεθοδείαν τῆς πλάνης
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing so that G2443 ἵνα hína Conj no longer G3371 μηκέτι mēkéti Adv we may be G1510 ὦμεν εἰμί eimí V-Pres-Act-Sub-Pl-1P infants G3516 νήπιοι νήπιος nḗpios Adj-Nom-Pl-M being tossed by waves G2831 κλυδωνιζόμενοι κλυδωνίζομαι klydōnízomai V-Pres-Mid-Nom-Pl-M and G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj being carried about G4064 περιφερόμενοι περιφέρω periphérō V-Pres-Pass-Nom-Pl-M by every G3956 παντὶ πᾶς pâs Adj-Dat-Sg-M wind G417 ἀνέμῳ ἄνεμος ánemos N-Dat-Sg-M the G3588 τῆς ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-F of teaching G1319 διδασκαλίας διδασκαλία didaskalía N-Gen-Sg-F in G1722 ἐν en Prep the G3588 τῇ ὁ ho Art-Dat-Sg-F cunning G2940 κυβείᾳ κυβεία kybeía N-Dat-Sg-F the G3588 τῶν ὁ ho Art-Gen-Pl-M of men G444 ἀνθρώπων ἄνθρωπος ánthrōpos N-Gen-Pl-M in G1722 ἐν en Prep craftiness G3834 πανουργίᾳ πανουργία panourgía N-Dat-Sg-F with a view to G4314 πρὸς πρός prós Prep the G3588 τὴν ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-F scheming G3180 μεθοδείαν μεθοδεία methodeía N-Acc-Sg-F the G3588 τῆς ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-F of deceit G4106 πλάνης πλάνη plánē N-Gen-Sg-F
15 Instead, speaking the truth in love, we will in all things grow up into Christ Himself, who is the head.
ἀληθεύοντες δὲ ἐν ἀγάπῃ αὐξήσωμεν εἰς αὐτὸν τὰ πάντα ὅς ἐστιν ἡ κεφαλή Χριστός
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing Speaking the truth G226 ἀληθεύοντες ἀληθεύω alētheúō V-Pres-Act-Nom-Pl-M however G1161 δὲ δέ dé Conj in G1722 ἐν en Prep love G26 ἀγάπῃ ἀγάπη agápē N-Dat-Sg-F we may grow up G837 αὐξήσωμεν αὐξάνω auxánō V-Aor-Act-Sub-Pl-1P into G1519 εἰς eis Prep Him G846 αὐτὸν αὐτός autós Pers-Acc-Sg-M the G3588 τὰ ὁ ho Art-Acc-Pl-N in all things G3956 πάντα πᾶς pâs Adj-Acc-Pl-N who G3739 ὅς hós Rela-Nom-Sg-M is G1510 ἐστιν εἰμί eimí V-Pres-Act-Ind-Sg-3P the G3588 ἡ ὁ ho Art-Nom-Sg-F head G2776 κεφαλή kephalḗ N-Nom-Sg-F Christ G5547 Χριστός Christós N-Nom-Sg-M
16 From Him the whole body, fitted and held together by every supporting ligament, grows and builds itself up in love through the work of each individual part.
ἐξ οὗ πᾶν τὸ σῶμα συναρμολογούμενον καὶ συμβιβαζόμενον διὰ πάσης ἁφῆς τῆς ἐπιχορηγίας κατ᾽ ἐνέργειαν ἐν μέτρῳ ἑνὸς ἑκάστου μέρους τὴν αὔξησιν τοῦ σώματος ποιεῖται εἰς οἰκοδομὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἐν ἀγάπῃ
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing from G1537 ἐξ ἐκ ek Prep whom G3739 οὗ ὅς hós Rela-Gen-Sg-M all G3956 πᾶν πᾶς pâs Adj-Nom-Sg-N the G3588 τὸ ὁ ho Art-Nom-Sg-N body G4983 σῶμα sōma N-Nom-Sg-N being joined together G4883 συναρμολογούμενον συναρμολογέω synarmologéō V-Pres-Pass-Nom-Sg-N and G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj being held together G4822 συμβιβαζόμενον συμβιβάζω symbibázō V-Pres-Pass-Nom-Sg-N through G1223 διὰ διά diá Prep every G3956 πάσης πᾶς pâs Adj-Gen-Sg-F ligament G860 ἁφῆς ἁφή haphḗ N-Gen-Sg-F of [its] G3588 τῆς ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-F supply G2024 ἐπιχορηγίας ἐπιχορηγία epichorēgía N-Gen-Sg-F according to G2596 κατ᾽ κατά katá Prep [the] working G1753 ἐνέργειαν ἐνέργεια enérgeia N-Acc-Sg-F in G1722 ἐν en Prep [the] measure G3358 μέτρῳ μέτρον métron N-Dat-Sg-N individual G1520 ἑνὸς εἷς heîs Adj-Gen-Sg-N of each G1538 ἑκάστου ἕκαστος hékastos Adj-Gen-Sg-N part G3313 μέρους μέρος méros N-Gen-Sg-N the G3588 τὴν ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-F increase G838 αὔξησιν αὔξησις aúxēsis N-Acc-Sg-F of the G3588 τοῦ ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-N body G4983 σώματος σῶμα sōma N-Gen-Sg-N makes for itself G4160 ποιεῖται ποιέω poiéō V-Pres-Mid-Ind-Sg-3P to G1519 εἰς eis Prep [the] building up G3619 οἰκοδομὴν οἰκοδομή oikodomḗ N-Acc-Sg-F of itself G1438 ἑαυτοῦ heautoû Refl-Gen-Sg-3P-M in G1722 ἐν en Prep charity(-ably) G26 ἀγάπῃ ἀγάπη agápē N-Dat-Sg-F
17 So I tell you this, and insist on it in the Lord, that you must no longer walk as the Gentiles do, in the futility of their thinking.
Τοῦτο οὖν λέγω καὶ μαρτύρομαι ἐν κυρίῳ μηκέτι ὑμᾶς περιπατεῖν καθὼς καὶ τὰ ἔθνη περιπατεῖ ἐν ματαιότητι τοῦ νοὸς αὐτῶν
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing This G3778 Τοῦτο οὗτος hoûtos Demo-Acc-Sg-N therefore G3767 οὖν oûn Conj I say G3004 λέγω légō V-Pres-Act-Ind-Sg-1P and G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj I testify G3143 μαρτύρομαι martýromai V-Pres-Mid-Ind-Sg-1P in G1722 ἐν en Prep [the] Lord G2962 κυρίῳ κύριος kýrios N-Dat-Sg-M No longer G3371 μηκέτι mēkéti Adv [are] you G4771 ὑμᾶς σύ sý Pers-Acc-Pl-2P to walk G4043 περιπατεῖν περιπατέω peripatéō V-Pres-Act even as G2531 καθὼς καθώς kathṓs Conj also G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj the G3588 τὰ ὁ ho Art-Nom-Pl-N Gentiles G1484 ἔθνη ἔθνος éthnos N-Nom-Pl-N are walking G4043 περιπατεῖ περιπατέω peripatéō V-Pres-Act-Ind-Sg-3P in G1722 ἐν en Prep [the] futility G3153 ματαιότητι ματαιότης mataiótēs N-Dat-Sg-F of the G3588 τοῦ ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-M mind G3563 νοὸς νοῦς noûs N-Gen-Sg-M of them G846 αὐτῶν αὐτός autós Pers-Gen-Pl-N
18 They are darkened in their understanding and alienated from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in them due to the hardness of their hearts.
ἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ ὄντες ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ θεοῦ διὰ τὴν ἄγνοιαν τὴν οὖσαν ἐν αὐτοῖς διὰ τὴν πώρωσιν τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing darkened G4656 ἐσκοτωμένοι σκοτόω skotóō V-Perf-Pass-Nom-Pl-M in the G3588 τῇ ὁ ho Art-Dat-Sg-F understanding G1271 διανοίᾳ διάνοια diánoia N-Dat-Sg-F being G1510 ὄντες εἰμί eimí V-Pres-Act-Nom-Pl-M alienated G526 ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι ἀπαλλοτριόω apallotrióō V-Perf-Pass-Nom-Pl-M from the G3588 τῆς ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-F life G2222 ζωῆς ζωή zōḗ N-Gen-Sg-F the G3588 τοῦ ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-M of God G2316 θεοῦ θεός theós N-Gen-Sg-M because of G1223 διὰ διά diá Prep the G3588 τὴν ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-F ignorance G52 ἄγνοιαν ἄγνοια ágnoia N-Acc-Sg-F which G3588 τὴν ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-F is being G1510 οὖσαν εἰμί eimí V-Pres-Act-Acc-Sg-F in G1722 ἐν en Prep them G846 αὐτοῖς αὐτός autós Pers-Dat-Pl-N on account of G1223 διὰ διά diá Prep the G3588 τὴν ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-F hardness G4457 πώρωσιν πώρωσις pṓrōsis N-Acc-Sg-F of the G3588 τῆς ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-F heart G2588 καρδίας καρδία kardía N-Gen-Sg-F of them G846 αὐτῶν αὐτός autós Pers-Gen-Pl-N
19 Having lost all sense of shame, they have given themselves over to sensuality for the practice of every kind of impurity, with a craving for more.
οἵτινες ἀπηλγηκότες ἑαυτοὺς παρέδωκαν τῇ ἀσελγείᾳ εἰς ἐργασίαν ἀκαθαρσίας πάσης ἐν πλεονεξίᾳ
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing who G3748 οἵτινες ὅστις hóstis Rela-Nom-Pl-M having cast off all feeling G524 ἀπηλγηκότες ἀπαλγέω apalgéō V-Perf-Act-Nom-Pl-M themselves G1438 ἑαυτοὺς ἑαυτοῦ heautoû Refl-Acc-Pl-3P-M they gave up G3860 παρέδωκαν παραδίδωμι paradídōmi V-Aor-Act-Ind-Pl-3P the G3588 τῇ ὁ ho Art-Dat-Sg-F to sensuality G766 ἀσελγείᾳ ἀσέλγεια asélgeia N-Dat-Sg-F for G1519 εἰς eis Prep [the] working G2039 ἐργασίαν ἐργασία ergasía N-Acc-Sg-F of impurity G167 ἀκαθαρσίας ἀκαθαρσία akatharsía N-Gen-Sg-F all G3956 πάσης πᾶς pâs Adj-Gen-Sg-F with G1722 ἐν en Prep covetous(-ness) practices G4124 πλεονεξίᾳ πλεονεξία pleonexía N-Dat-Sg-F
20 But this is not the way you came to know Christ.
Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐχ οὕτως ἐμάθετε τὸν Χριστόν
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing you yourselves G4771 Ὑμεῖς σύ sý Pers-Nom-Pl-2P however G1161 δὲ δέ dé Conj not G3756 οὐχ οὐ ou Nega this way G3779 οὕτως οὕτω hoútō Adv learned G3129 ἐμάθετε μανθάνω manthánō V-2nd-Act-Ind-Pl-2P the G3588 τὸν ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-M Christ G5547 Χριστόν Χριστός Christós N-Acc-Sg-M
21 Surely you heard of Him and were taught in Him—in keeping with the truth that is in Jesus—
εἴ γε αὐτὸν ἠκούσατε καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ ἐδιδάχθητε καθώς ἐστιν ἀλήθεια ἐν τῷ Ἰησοῦ
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing if G1487 εἴ εἰ ei Conj indeed G1065 γε γέ gé Part Him G846 αὐτὸν αὐτός autós Pers-Acc-Sg-M you have heard G191 ἠκούσατε ἀκούω akoúō V-Aor-Act-Ind-Pl-2P and G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj in G1722 ἐν en Prep Him G846 αὐτῷ αὐτός autós Pers-Dat-Sg-M were taught G1321 ἐδιδάχθητε διδάσκω didáskō V-Aor-Pass-Ind-Pl-2P even as G2531 καθώς kathṓs Conj is G1510 ἐστιν εἰμί eimí V-Pres-Act-Ind-Sg-3P [the] truth G225 ἀλήθεια alḗtheia N-Nom-Sg-F in G1722 ἐν en Prep the G3588 τῷ ὁ ho Art-Dat-Sg-M Jesus G2424 Ἰησοῦ Ἰησοῦς Iēsoûs N-Dat-Sg-M
22 to put off your former way of life, your old self, which is being corrupted by its deceitful desires;
ἀποθέσθαι ὑμᾶς κατὰ τὴν προτέραν ἀναστροφὴν τὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸν φθειρόμενον κατὰ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ἀπάτης
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing Are to have put off G659 ἀποθέσθαι ἀποτίθημι apotíthēmi V-2nd-Mid you G4771 ὑμᾶς σύ sý Pers-Acc-Pl-2P concerning G2596 κατὰ κατά katá Prep the G3588 τὴν ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-F former G4387 προτέραν πρότερος próteros Adj-Acc-Sg-F way of life G391 ἀναστροφὴν ἀναστροφή anastrophḗ N-Acc-Sg-F the G3588 τὸν ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-M old G3820 παλαιὸν παλαιός palaiós Adj-Acc-Sg-M man G444 ἄνθρωπον ἄνθρωπος ánthrōpos N-Acc-Sg-M which G3588 τὸν ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-M is being corrupted G5351 φθειρόμενον φθείρω phtheírō V-Pres-Pass-Acc-Sg-M according to G2596 κατὰ κατά katá Prep [its] G3588 τὰς ὁ ho Art-Acc-Pl-F desires G1939 ἐπιθυμίας ἐπιθυμία epithymía N-Acc-Pl-F the G3588 τῆς ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-F of deceit G539 ἀπάτης ἀπάτη apátē N-Gen-Sg-F
23 to be renewed in the spirit of your minds;
ἀνανεοῦσθαι δὲ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing to be renewed G365 ἀνανεοῦσθαι ἀνανεόω ananeóō V-Pres-Pass then G1161 δὲ δέ dé Conj in the G3588 τῷ ὁ ho Art-Dat-Sg-N spirit G4151 πνεύματι πνεῦμα pneûma N-Dat-Sg-N of the G3588 τοῦ ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-M mind G3563 νοὸς νοῦς noûs N-Gen-Sg-M of you G4771 ὑμῶν σύ sý Pers-Gen-Pl-2P
24 and to put on the new self, created to be like God in true righteousness and holiness.
καὶ ἐνδύσασθαι τὸν καινὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸν κατὰ θεὸν κτισθέντα ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ὁσιότητι τῆς ἀληθείας
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing and G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj to have put on G1746 ἐνδύσασθαι ἐνδύω endýō V-Aor-Mid the G3588 τὸν ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-M new G2537 καινὸν καινός kainós Adj-Acc-Sg-M man G444 ἄνθρωπον ἄνθρωπος ánthrōpos N-Acc-Sg-M the G3588 τὸν ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-M according to G2596 κατὰ κατά katá Prep God G2316 θεὸν θεός theós N-Acc-Sg-M having been created G2936 κτισθέντα κτίζω ktízō V-Aor-Pass-Acc-Sg-M in G1722 ἐν en Prep righteousness G1343 δικαιοσύνῃ δικαιοσύνη dikaiosýnē N-Dat-Sg-F and G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj holiness G3742 ὁσιότητι ὁσιότης hosiótēs N-Dat-Sg-F the G3588 τῆς ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-F true G225 ἀληθείας ἀλήθεια alḗtheia N-Gen-Sg-F
25 Therefore each of you must put off falsehood and speak truthfully to his neighbor, for we are all members of one another.
Διὸ ἀποθέμενοι τὸ ψεῦδος λαλεῖτε ἀλήθειαν ἕκαστος μετὰ τοῦ πλησίον αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἐσμὲν ἀλλήλων μέλη
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing Therefore G1352 Διὸ διό dió Conj having put off G659 ἀποθέμενοι ἀποτίθημι apotíthēmi V-2nd-Mid-Nom-Pl-M the G3588 τὸ ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-N falsehood G5579 ψεῦδος pseûdos N-Acc-Sg-N do speak G2980 λαλεῖτε λαλέω laléō V-Pres-Act-Imp-Pl-2P truth G225 ἀλήθειαν ἀλήθεια alḗtheia N-Acc-Sg-F each one G1538 ἕκαστος hékastos Adj-Nom-Sg-M with G3326 μετὰ μετά metá Prep the G3588 τοῦ ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-M neighbour G4139 πλησίον plēsíon Adv of him G846 αὐτοῦ αὐτός autós Pers-Gen-Sg-M because G3754 ὅτι hóti Conj we are G1510 ἐσμὲν εἰμί eimí V-Pres-Act-Ind-Pl-1P of one another G240 ἀλλήλων allḗlōn Reci-Gen-Pl-M members G3196 μέλη μέλος mélos N-Nom-Pl-N
26 “Be angry, yet do not sin.” Do not let the sun set upon your anger,
ὀργίζεσθε καὶ μὴ ἁμαρτάνετε ὁ ἥλιος μὴ ἐπιδυέτω ἐπὶ τῷ παροργισμῷ ὑμῶν
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing do be angry G3710 ὀργίζεσθε ὀργίζω orgízō V-Pres-Mid-Imp-Pl-2P and yet G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj not G3361 μὴ μή mḗ Nega do sin G264 ἁμαρτάνετε ἁμαρτάνω hamartánō V-Pres-Act-Imp-Pl-2P The G3588 ὁ ho Art-Nom-Sg-M sun G2246 ἥλιος hḗlios N-Nom-Sg-M not G3361 μὴ μή mḗ Nega should set G1931 ἐπιδυέτω ἐπιδύω epidýō V-Pres-Act-Imp-Sg-3P upon G1909 ἐπὶ ἐπί epí Prep the G3588 τῷ ὁ ho Art-Dat-Sg-M anger G3950 παροργισμῷ παροργισμός parorgismós N-Dat-Sg-M of you G4771 ὑμῶν σύ sý Pers-Gen-Pl-2P
27 and do not give the devil a foothold.
μηδὲ δίδοτε τόπον τῷ διαβόλῳ
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing neither G3366 μηδὲ μηδέ mēdé Conj do give G1325 δίδοτε δίδωμι dídōmi V-Pres-Act-Imp-Pl-2P opportunity G5117 τόπον τόπος tópos N-Acc-Sg-M to the G3588 τῷ ὁ ho Art-Dat-Sg-M devil G1228 διαβόλῳ διάβολος diábolos Adj-Dat-Sg-M
28 He who has been stealing must steal no longer, but must work, doing good with his own hands, that he may have something to share with the one in need.
ὁ κλέπτων μηκέτι κλεπτέτω μᾶλλον δὲ κοπιάτω ἐργαζόμενος ταῖς ἰδίαις χερσὶν τὸ ἀγαθόν ἵνα ἔχῃ μεταδιδόναι τῷ χρείαν ἔχοντι
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing who G3588 ὁ ho Art-Nom-Sg-M is stealing G2813 κλέπτων κλέπτω kléptō V-Pres-Act-Nom-Sg-M no longer G3371 μηκέτι mēkéti Adv he should steal G2813 κλεπτέτω κλέπτω kléptō V-Pres-Act-Imp-Sg-3P rather G3123 μᾶλλον mâllon Adv however G1161 δὲ δέ dé Conj he should toil G2872 κοπιάτω κοπιάω kopiáō V-Pres-Act-Imp-Sg-3P working G2038 ἐργαζόμενος ἐργάζομαι ergázomai V-Pres-Mid-Nom-Sg-M the G3588 ταῖς ὁ ho Art-Dat-Pl-F with [their] own G2398 ἰδίαις ἴδιος ídios Adj-Dat-Pl-F hands G5495 χερσὶν χείρ cheír N-Dat-Pl-F what G3588 τὸ ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-N [is] good G18 ἀγαθόν ἀγαθός agathós Adj-Acc-Sg-N so that G2443 ἵνα hína Conj he may have [something] G2192 ἔχῃ ἔχω échō V-Pres-Act-Sub-Sg-3P to impart G3330 μεταδιδόναι μεταδίδωμι metadídōmi V-Pres-Act to the [one] G3588 τῷ ὁ ho Art-Dat-Sg-M need G5532 χρείαν χρεία chreía N-Acc-Sg-F be (able G2192 ἔχοντι ἔχω échō V-Pres-Act-Dat-Sg-M
29 Let no unwholesome talk come out of your mouths, but only what is helpful for building up the one in need and bringing grace to those who listen.
πᾶς λόγος σαπρὸς ἐκ τοῦ στόματος ὑμῶν μὴ ἐκπορευέσθω ἀλλ᾽ εἴ τις ἀγαθὸς πρὸς οἰκοδομὴν τῆς χρείας ἵνα δῷ χάριν τοῖς ἀκούουσιν
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing Any G3956 πᾶς pâs Adj-Nom-Sg-M word G3056 λόγος lógos N-Nom-Sg-M unwholesome G4550 σαπρὸς σαπρός saprós Adj-Nom-Sg-M out of G1537 ἐκ ek Prep the G3588 τοῦ ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-N mouth G4750 στόματος στόμα stóma N-Gen-Sg-N of you G4771 ὑμῶν σύ sý Pers-Gen-Pl-2P not G3361 μὴ μή mḗ Nega should go forth G1607 ἐκπορευέσθω ἐκπορεύομαι ekporeúomai V-Pres-Mid-Imp-Sg-3P but G235 ἀλλ᾽ ἀλλά allá Conj if G1487 εἴ εἰ ei Conj any G5100 τις τὶς tìs Inde-Nom-Sg-M good G18 ἀγαθὸς ἀγαθός agathós Adj-Nom-Sg-M for G4314 πρὸς πρός prós Prep edification G3619 οἰκοδομὴν οἰκοδομή oikodomḗ N-Acc-Sg-F of the G3588 τῆς ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-F need G5532 χρείας χρεία chreía N-Gen-Sg-F so that G2443 ἵνα hína Conj it shall give G1325 δῷ δίδωμι dídōmi V-2nd-Act-Sub-Sg-3P grace G5485 χάριν χάρις cháris N-Acc-Sg-F to those G3588 τοῖς ὁ ho Art-Dat-Pl-M hearing G191 ἀκούουσιν ἀκούω akoúō V-Pres-Act-Dat-Pl-M
30 And do not grieve the Holy Spirit of God, in whom you were sealed for the day of redemption.
καὶ μὴ λυπεῖτε τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον τοῦ θεοῦ ἐν ᾧ ἐσφραγίσθητε εἰς ἡμέραν ἀπολυτρώσεως
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing And G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj not G3361 μὴ μή mḗ Nega do grieve G3076 λυπεῖτε λυπέω lypéō V-Pres-Act-Imp-Pl-2P the G3588 τὸ ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-N Spirit G4151 πνεῦμα pneûma N-Acc-Sg-N the G3588 τὸ ὁ ho Art-Acc-Sg-N Holy G40 ἅγιον ἅγιος hágios Adj-Acc-Sg-N the G3588 τοῦ ὁ ho Art-Gen-Sg-M of God G2316 θεοῦ θεός theós N-Gen-Sg-M in G1722 ἐν en Prep whom G3739 ᾧ ὅς hós Rela-Dat-Sg-N you were sealed G4972 ἐσφραγίσθητε σφραγίζω sphragízō V-Aor-Pass-Ind-Pl-2P for G1519 εἰς eis Prep [the] day G2250 ἡμέραν ἡμέρα hēméra N-Acc-Sg-F deliverance G629 ἀπολυτρώσεως ἀπολύτρωσις apolýtrōsis N-Gen-Sg-F
31 Get rid of all bitterness, rage and anger, outcry and slander, along with every form of malice.
πᾶσα πικρία καὶ θυμὸς καὶ ὀργὴ καὶ κραυγὴ καὶ βλασφημία ἀρθήτω ἀφ᾽ ὑμῶν σὺν πάσῃ κακίᾳ
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing All G3956 πᾶσα πᾶς pâs Adj-Nom-Sg-F bitterness G4088 πικρία pikría N-Nom-Sg-F and G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj rage G2372 θυμὸς θυμός thymós N-Nom-Sg-M and G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj anger G3709 ὀργὴ ὀργή orgḗ N-Nom-Sg-F and G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj clamor G2906 κραυγὴ κραυγή kraugḗ N-Nom-Sg-F and G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj slander G988 βλασφημία blasphēmía N-Nom-Sg-F should be removed G142 ἀρθήτω αἴρω aírō V-Aor-Pass-Imp-Sg-3P from G575 ἀφ᾽ ἀπό apó Prep you G4771 ὑμῶν σύ sý Pers-Gen-Pl-2P along with G4862 σὺν σύν sýn Prep all G3956 πάσῃ πᾶς pâs Adj-Dat-Sg-F malice G2549 κακίᾳ κακία kakía N-Dat-Sg-F
32 Be kind and tenderhearted to one another, forgiving each other just as in Christ God forgave you.
γίνεσθε δὲ εἰς ἀλλήλους χρηστοί εὔσπλαγχνοι χαριζόμενοι ἑαυτοῖς καθὼς καὶ ὁ θεὸς ἐν Χριστῷ ἐχαρίσατο ὑμῖν
English Strong's Original · Root · Transliteration Parsing do be G1096 γίνεσθε γίνομαι gínomai V-Pres-Mid-Imp-Pl-2P now G1161 δὲ δέ dé Conj to G1519 εἰς eis Prep one another G240 ἀλλήλους ἀλλήλων allḗlōn Reci-Acc-Pl-M kind G5543 χρηστοί χρηστός chrēstós Adj-Nom-Pl-M tender-hearted G2155 εὔσπλαγχνοι εὔσπλαγχνος eúsplanchnos Adj-Nom-Pl-M forgiving G5483 χαριζόμενοι χαρίζομαι charízomai V-Pres-Mid-Nom-Pl-M each other G1438 ἑαυτοῖς ἑαυτοῦ heautoû Refl-Dat-Pl-2P-M even as G2531 καθὼς καθώς kathṓs Conj also G2532 καὶ καί kaí Conj the G3588 ὁ ho Art-Nom-Sg-M God G2316 θεὸς θεός theós N-Nom-Sg-M in G1722 ἐν en Prep Christ G5547 Χριστῷ Χριστός Christós N-Dat-Sg-M forgave G5483 ἐχαρίσατο χαρίζομαι charízomai V-Aor-Mid-Ind-Sg-3P thou G4771 ὑμῖν σύ sý Pers-Dat-Pl-2P
Ephesians 5
Study Notes — Ephesians 4
7 sectionsEphesians 4 is a pivotal transition from Paul's doctrinal exposition to his practical exhortation. Having established our position in Christ (chapters 1–3), Paul now calls believers to live in a manner worthy of their calling. The chapter opens with urgent appeals for unity grounded in the sevenfold oneness of the body of Christ, then moves to how Christ's ascension has equipped the church with diverse gifts, and concludes with specific, transformative commands for holy living. Throughout, Paul emphasizes that authentic Christian maturity is both corporate (unity) and personal (obedience).
Paul identifies himself as "the prisoner of the Lord"—a reminder that his authority comes not from earthly status but from Christ himself. He beseeches (Greek parakaleo: earnestly appeals) the Ephesian believers to walk—to conduct their daily lives—worthy of the vocation wherewith ye are called. This "calling" refers to our divine election and redemption in Christ. The three qualities that must accompany this worthy walk are lowliness (humility), meekness (gentleness), and longsuffering (patient endurance). Verse 2 emphasizes forbearance in love: bearing with one another's weaknesses graciously. These virtues are not abstract ideals but relational necessities. Verse 3 crystallizes the goal: endeavouring to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace. This unity is not to be created but kept—preserved—because it already exists in the Spirit.
Application: Consider how your daily choices—your words, patience, and humility—either honor or dishonor your calling. Unity is maintained through active choice, not passive hope.
Paul anchors the call for unity in seven unifying realities: one body, one Spirit, one hope, one Lord, one faith, one baptism, and one God and Father. These are not organizational structures but spiritual facts. The church is literally one body (Christ's), animated by one Spirit, united in one hope of final redemption. Verse 5 declares our shared faith and baptism—both marks of our union with Christ. Verse 6 ascends to the highest affirmation: One God and Father of all, who is above all, and through all, and in you all. This trinitarian statement grounds Christian unity not in human effort but in the very nature of God—transcendent, pervading all things, and dwelling within believers.
Application: When conflict tempts you to withdraw from your church family, remember: you share the same Spirit, the same Lord, and the same God. Division contradicts the deepest reality of what you are.
Grace is distributed to every one of us—none are overlooked. Paul supports this with Psalm 68:18, affirming that Christ's ascension resulted in the distribution of gifts (v. 7–10). The specific offices mentioned—apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastors and teachers—are given for the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ. These are not gifts for personal prestige but for others' growth. The goal is corporate maturity and stability.
Application: If you lead or teach in your church, remember: your gifts exist to build others up, not to establish your authority.
The church matures till we all come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a perfect man, unto the measure of the stature of the fulness of Christ. Immaturity (v. 14) leaves believers vulnerable to deception. Truth spoken in love produces growth toward Christ the Head (v. 15). Verse 16 portrays the body as dynamically interconnected: each joint and part, functioning properly, causes the whole to increase in love.
Application: Spiritual maturity is not individualistic. Your growth strengthens the whole body; your isolation weakens it.
Paul contrasts the Gentile world's spiritual darkness—their vanity, alienation from God, hardened hearts, and enslavement to lust (vv. 17–19)—with what believers have learned in Christ. The imperative is clear: put off the old man (your pre-conversion identity) and put on the new man, which after God is created in righteousness and true holiness. This is not self-improvement but a decisive, ongoing reckoning with your identity transformation.
Application: Your past does not define your future. In Christ, you have been remade; now live accordingly.
Paul moves to concrete commands: truth-telling (v. 25), righteous