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Romans 13

BSB·14 verses ·New Testament
✦ Tap any verse to open Scripture Explorer — original Hebrew/Greek, commentary, notes & highlights
1EveryoneΠᾶσαPasa — all, every, the whole ofG3956 — Full Word Study → must submit himselfὑποτασσέσθωhypotassesthō — to subject, submit, or subordinate oneselfG5293 — Full Word Study → to the governing authoritiesἐξουσίαιςexousiais — authority, power, or right to actG1849 — Full Word Study →, forγὰρgar — for, because, since (causal/explanatory conjunction)G1063 — Full Word Study → there isἔστινestin — to exist, to be, am/is/areG1510 — Full Word Study → noοὐou — No, not, negation particleG3756 — Full Word Study → authorityἐξουσίαexousia — authority, power, or right to actG1849 — Full Word Study → exceptεἰei — if; conditional conjunction introducing hypothetical or contingent circumstancesG1487 — Full Word Study → that which is from GodΘεοῦTheou — God, the Divine BeingG2316 — Full Word Study →. The authorities that existοὖσαιousai — to exist, to be, am/is/areG1510 — Full Word Study → have been appointedτεταγμέναιtetagmenai — to appoint, assign, or ordainG5021 — Full Word Study → byὑπὸhypo — under; by; from the agency ofG5259 — Full Word Study → GodΘεοῦTheou — God, the Divine BeingG2316 — Full Word Study →. 2Consequentlyὥστεhōste — so that, with the result that, thereforeG5620 — Full Word Study →, whoeverho — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → resistsἀντιτασσόμενοςantitassomenos — To resist, oppose, or set oneself againstG498 — Full Word Study → authorityἐξουσίᾳexousia — authority, power, or right to actG1849 — Full Word Study → is opposingἀνθέστηκενanthestēken — to resist, oppose, or stand againstG436 — Full Word Study → whatτῇtē — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → GodΘεοῦTheou — God, the Divine BeingG2316 — Full Word Study → has set in placeδιαταγῇdiatagē — ordinance, decree, or imposed arrangementG1296 — Full Word Study →, andδὲde — thenG1161 — Full Word Study → those whoοἱhoi — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → do so will bringλήμψονταιlēmpsontai — to take, receive, or obtainG2983 — Full Word Study → judgmentκρίμαkrima — judgment, verdict, or judicial decisionG2917 — Full Word Study → on themselvesἑαυτοῖςheautois — himself, herself, itself, themselves; oneselfG1438 — Full Word Study →. 3Forγὰρgar — for, because, since (causal/explanatory conjunction)G1063 — Full Word Study → rulersἄρχοντεςarchontes — ruler, chief, magistrate, or one in authorityG758 — Full Word Study → areεἰσὶνeisin — to exist, to be, am/is/areG1510 — Full Word Study → notοὐκouk — No, not, negation particleG3756 — Full Word Study → a terrorφόβοςphobos — Fear, terror, or reverent aweG5401 — Full Word Study → to goodἀγαθῷagathō — good, beneficial, morally excellentG18 — Full Word Study → conductἔργῳergō — Work, deed, or action; labor or taskG2041 — Full Word Study →, butἀλλὰalla — but, yet, rather, on the other handG235 — Full Word Study → to badκακῷkakō — evil, wicked, bad, morally corruptG2556 — Full Word Study →. Do you wantθέλειςtheleis — to desire, wish, or will; to be inclined towardG2309 — Full Word Study → to be unafraidφοβεῖσθαιphobeisthai — to fear, be afraid; to reverence, respectG5399 — Full Word Study → of theτὴνtēn — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → one in authorityἐξουσίανexousian — authority, power, or right to actG1849 — Full Word Study →? Then do what is rightἀγαθὸνagathon — good, beneficial, morally excellentG18 — Full Word Study →, andκαὶkai — and; also; even; bothG2532 — Full Word Study → you will haveἕξειςhexeis — To have, hold, or possessG2192 — Full Word Study → hisαὐτῆςautēs — he, she, it, self; third-person pronounG846 — Full Word Study → approvalἔπαινονepainon — Praise, approval, commendationG1868 — Full Word Study →. 4Forγὰρgar — for, because, since (causal/explanatory conjunction)G1063 — Full Word Study → he isἐστινestin — to exist, to be, am/is/areG1510 — Full Word Study → God’sΘεοῦTheou — God, the Divine BeingG2316 — Full Word Study → servantδιάκονόςdiakonos — servant; one who servesG1249 — Full Word Study → forεἰςeis — into, toward, untoG1519 — Full Word Study → yourσοὶsoi — You (singular or plural pronoun)G4771 — Full Word Study → goodἀγαθόνagathon — good, beneficial, morally excellentG18 — Full Word Study →. Butδὲde — thenG1161 — Full Word Study → ifἐὰνean — conditional particle; if, whether, in case thatG1437 — Full Word Study → you doποιῇςpoiēs — to do, make, perform, or accomplishG4160 — Full Word Study → wrongκακὸνkakon — evil, wicked, bad, morally corruptG2556 — Full Word Study →, be afraidφοβοῦphobou — to fear, be afraid; to reverence, respectG5399 — Full Word Study →, forγὰρgar — for, because, since (causal/explanatory conjunction)G1063 — Full Word Study → he does not carryφορεῖphorei — to wear or bear habituallyG5409 — Full Word Study → theτὴνtēn — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → swordμάχαιρανmachairan — A sword or blade weaponG3162 — Full Word Study → in vainεἰκῇeikē — in vain, without effect, purposelesslyG1500 — Full Word Study →. He isἐστινestin — to exist, to be, am/is/areG1510 — Full Word Study → God’sΘεοῦTheou — God, the Divine BeingG2316 — Full Word Study → servantδιάκονόςdiakonos — servant; one who servesG1249 — Full Word Study →, an agentἔκδικοςekdikos — an avenger; one who executes vengeanceG1558 — Full Word Study → ofεἰςeis — into, toward, untoG1519 — Full Word Study → retributionὀργὴνorgēn — Divine or human anger; wrathG3709 — Full Word Study → to theτῷtō — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → wrongdoerκακὸνkakon — evil, wicked, bad, morally corruptG2556 — Full Word Study →. 5ThereforeΔιὸDio — therefore, for this reason, whereforeG1352 — Full Word Study → it is necessary to submit to authority, notοὐou — No, not, negation particleG3756 — Full Word Study → onlyμόνονmonon — only, alone, solelyG3440 — Full Word Study → to avoidδιὰdia — through; by means of; because ofG1223 — Full Word Study → punishmentὀργὴνorgēn — Divine or human anger; wrathG3709 — Full Word Study →, butἀλλὰalla — but, yet, rather, on the other handG235 — Full Word Study → alsoκαὶkai — and; also; even; bothG2532 — Full Word Study → as a matter ofδιὰdia — through; by means of; because ofG1223 — Full Word Study → conscienceσυνείδησινsyneidēsin — Conscience; inner moral awarenessG4893 — Full Word Study →. 6This is also whyδιὰdia — through; by means of; because ofG1223 — Full Word Study → you payτελεῖτεteleite — to finish, complete, accomplish, fulfillG5055 — Full Word Study → taxesφόρουςphorous — Tax or tribute paid to a governing authorityG5411 — Full Word Study →. Forγὰρgar — for, because, since (causal/explanatory conjunction)G1063 — Full Word Study → the authorities are God’sΘεοῦTheou — God, the Divine BeingG2316 — Full Word Study → servantsλειτουργοὶleitourgoi — one who performs sacred service; minister or servantG3011 — Full Word Study →, who devote themselvesπροσκαρτεροῦντεςproskarterountes — To persist steadfastly in or with somethingG4342 — Full Word Study → toεἰςeis — into, toward, untoG1519 — Full Word Study → their work. 7Payἀπόδοτεapodote — To give back, repay, render, or restoreG591 — Full Word Study → everyoneπᾶσινpasin — all, every, the whole ofG3956 — Full Word Study → whatτὰςtas — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → you owe him: taxesφόρονphoron — Tax or tribute paid to a governing authorityG5411 — Full Word Study → to whomτῷtō — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → taxes are due, revenueτέλοςtelos — end, goal, completion, taxG5056 — Full Word Study → to whomτῷtō — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → revenue is due, respectφόβονphobon — Fear, terror, or reverent aweG5401 — Full Word Study → to whomτῷtō — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → respect is due, honorτιμήνtimēn — honor, respect, or monetary valueG5092 — Full Word Study → to whomτῷtō — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → honor is due. 8Be indebtedὀφείλετεopheilete — to owe; to be obligated or indebtedG3784 — Full Word Study → to no oneΜηδενὶMēdeni — no one, nothing, not anyG3367 — Full Word Study →, exceptεἰei — if; conditional conjunction introducing hypothetical or contingent circumstancesG1487 — Full Word Study → to one anotherἀλλήλουςallēlous — one another; mutual relationshipG240 — Full Word Study → in love. Forγὰρgar — for, because, since (causal/explanatory conjunction)G1063 — Full Word Study → he whoho — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → lovesἀγαπῶνagapōn — to love deeply; to cherish with affectionG25 — Full Word Study → his neighborἕτερονheteron — another, different, otherG2087 — Full Word Study → has fulfilledπεπλήρωκενpeplērōken — to fill up, complete, or bring to fulfillmentG4137 — Full Word Study → the law. 9The commandments “Do not commit adulteryμοιχεύσειςmoicheuseis — to commit adultery; to be unfaithful in marriageG3431 — Full Word Study →,” “Do not murderφονεύσειςphoneuseis — to commit murder; to unlawfully kill a personG5407 — Full Word Study →,” “Do not stealκλέψειςklepseis — to steal, to take dishonestlyG2813 — Full Word Study →,” “Do not covetἐπιθυμήσειςepithymēseis — To desire strongly; to crave or long forG1937 — Full Word Study →,” andκαὶkai — and; also; even; bothG2532 — Full Word Study → anyτιςtis — a certain one; some; anyone; an indefinite pronounG5100 — Full Word Study → otherἑτέραhetera — another, different, otherG2087 — Full Word Study → commandmentsἐντολήentolē — A command or authoritative instructionG1785 — Full Word Study →, are summed upἀνακεφαλαιοῦταιanakephalaioutai — to sum up, gather together, recapitulateG346 — Full Word Study → inἐνen — in, on, among, at, by means ofG1722 — Full Word Study → thisτούτῳtoutō — This one; he, she, it; that person or thingG3778 — Full Word Study → one decreeλόγῳlogō — word, statement, message, divine utteranceG3056 — Full Word Study →: “LoveἈγαπήσειςAgapēseis — to love deeply; to cherish with affectionG25 — Full Word Study → yourσουsou — You (singular or plural pronoun)G4771 — Full Word Study → neighborπλησίονplēsion — near, neighboring; one's neighborG4139 — Full Word Study → asὡςhōs — as, like, when, in the manner thatG5613 — Full Word Study → yourselfσεαυτόνseauton — yourself; your own self (reflexive pronoun)G4572 — Full Word Study →.” 10Loveἀγάπηagapē — Self-giving love; covenant affectionG26 — Full Word Study → does no wrongκακὸνkakon — evil, wicked, bad, morally corruptG2556 — Full Word Study → to its neighborπλησίονplēsion — near, neighboring; one's neighborG4139 — Full Word Study →. Thereforeοὖνoun — therefore, then, so, thusG3767 — Full Word Study → love is the fulfillment of the law. 11And do thisτοῦτοtouto — This one; he, she, it; that person or thingG3778 — Full Word Study →, understandingεἰδότεςeidotes — to see, perceive, understand, knowG1492 — Full Word Study → theτὸνton — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → occasionκαιρόνkairon — The right or appointed time; a season or opportunityG2540 — Full Word Study →. The hour has comeἤδηēdē — Already, by now, at this present timeG2235 — Full Word Study → for youὑμᾶςhymas — You (singular or plural pronoun)G4771 — Full Word Study → to wake upἐγερθῆναιegerthēnai — To raise up, arise, or awakenG1453 — Full Word Study → fromἐξex — out from, out of, from withinG1537 — Full Word Study → your slumber, forγὰρgar — for, because, since (causal/explanatory conjunction)G1063 — Full Word Study → ourἡμῶνhēmōn — I, me; the first-person singular pronounG1473 — Full Word Study → salvationσωτηρίαsōtēria — deliverance, rescue, salvationG4991 — Full Word Study → is nearer nowνῦνnyn — now, at the present timeG3568 — Full Word Study → thanē — Or; either...or; conjunction expressing alternativesG2228 — Full Word Study → whenὅτεhote — when, at the time thatG3753 — Full Word Study → we first believed. 12Thehē — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → nightνὺξnyx — The period of darkness; nightG3571 — Full Word Study → is nearly overπροέκοψενproekopsen — to advance, progress, or make progressG4298 — Full Word Study →; thehē — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → dayἡμέραhēmera — A 24-hour period; time; eraG2250 — Full Word Study → has drawn nearἤγγικενēngiken — to draw near, approach, come closeG1448 — Full Word Study →. Soοὖνoun — therefore, then, so, thusG3767 — Full Word Study → let us lay asideἀποθώμεθαapothōmetha — to put away, cast off, lay asideG659 — Full Word Study → theτὰta — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → deedsἔργαerga — Work, deed, or action; labor or taskG2041 — Full Word Study → of darknessσκότουςskotous — darkness, obscurity, absence of lightG4655 — Full Word Study → andδὲde — thenG1161 — Full Word Study → put onἐνδυσώμεθαendysōmetha — to put on, clothe oneself withG1746 — Full Word Study → theτὰta — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → armorὅπλαhopla — weapon or tool of warfareG3696 — Full Word Study → of lightφωτόςphōtos — Light; illumination; radianceG5457 — Full Word Study →. 13Let us behaveπεριπατήσωμενperipatēsōmen — to walk, to conduct oneself, to liveG4043 — Full Word Study → decentlyεὐσχημόνωςeuschēmonōs — in a fitting or proper mannerG2156 — Full Word Study →, asὡςhōs — as, like, when, in the manner thatG5613 — Full Word Study → inἐνen — in, on, among, at, by means ofG1722 — Full Word Study → the daytime, notμὴmē — Not; negation; lestG3361 — Full Word Study → in carousingκώμοιςkōmois — drunken revelry, carousing, orgyG2970 — Full Word Study → andκαὶkai — and; also; even; bothG2532 — Full Word Study → drunkennessμέθαιςmethais — drunkenness; intoxication from wineG3178 — Full Word Study →, notμὴmē — Not; negation; lestG3361 — Full Word Study → in sexual immoralityκοίταιςkoitais — bed, sleeping place; marital relationsG2845 — Full Word Study → andκαὶkai — and; also; even; bothG2532 — Full Word Study → debaucheryἀσελγείαιςaselgeiais — sexual immorality and unbridled lustG766 — Full Word Study →, notμὴmē — Not; negation; lestG3361 — Full Word Study → in dissensionἔριδιeridi — Quarreling, contention, strifeG2054 — Full Word Study → andκαὶkai — and; also; even; bothG2532 — Full Word Study → jealousyζήλῳzēlō — Zealous devotion or passionate intensityG2205 — Full Word Study →. 14Insteadἀλλὰalla — but, yet, rather, on the other handG235 — Full Word Study →, clothe yourselves withἐνδύσασθεendysasthe — to put on, clothe oneself withG1746 — Full Word Study → theτὸνton — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → LordΚύριονKyrion — Lord; master; one who has authority or ownershipG2962 — Full Word Study → JesusἸησοῦνIēsoun — The Lord SavesG2424 — Full Word Study → ChristΧριστόνChriston — The Anointed OneG5547 — Full Word Study →, andκαὶkai — and; also; even; bothG2532 — Full Word Study → makeποιεῖσθεpoieisthe — to do, make, perform, or accomplishG4160 — Full Word Study → noμὴmē — Not; negation; lestG3361 — Full Word Study → provisionπρόνοιανpronoian — Foresight; providential care or provisionG4307 — Full Word Study → forεἰςeis — into, toward, untoG1519 — Full Word Study → the desires of theτῆςtēs — Definite article: the, this, thatG3588 — Full Word Study → fleshσαρκὸςsarkos — flesh, physical body, human natureG4561 — Full Word Study →.
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Chapter Commentary — Romans 13
Chapter Overview

Chapter Overview

Romans 13 addresses two essential aspects of Christian living: our relationship to civil authority and our obligation to love one another. Paul begins by establishing that all governing powers are ordained by God and deserve our submission and respect. He then pivots to the heart of Christian ethics—that love is the fulfilling of all God's law—and concludes with an urgent call to holy living in light of Christ's imminent return. This chapter balances respect for earthly institutions with allegiance to a heavenly kingdom.

Verses 1–5: Submission to Authority

Paul commands that every soul be subject to the higher powers, grounding this not in the character of rulers but in God's sovereignty. The phrase "powers that be are ordained of God" means God has established the institution of government itself, even when individual rulers are flawed or ungodly. Resistance to lawful authority, therefore, is ultimately resistance to God's order (v. 2).

Verses 3–4 clarify the purpose of civil government: rulers are "God's ministers" to commend good behavior and punish evil. The sword they bear (v. 4) represents their God-given authority to enforce justice. Paul is not suggesting all rulers are righteous, but rather that their function—maintaining order and restraint of evil—reflects God's design.

Verse 5 gives two reasons for submission: fear of punishment and conscience sake. Christians should obey authorities not merely from coercion but from conviction that this order reflects God's will. This is a call to inner alignment, not mere outward compliance.

Application: Believers are called to respect lawful authority and pay taxes willingly, even under unjust rulers. While this does not demand blind obedience to commands that violate God's Word (Acts 5:29), it does call us to a posture of respect and submission unless directly commanded to sin.

Verses 6–7: Rendering Dues

Paul reinforces that tax payment is a conscience matter, not grudging obligation. Taxes support magistrates who serve (albeit imperfectly) as God's agents. Verse 7 summarizes: render tribute, custom, fear, and honour to whom they are due—a comprehensive call to fulfill our civic duties faithfully.

Application: Honest payment of taxes and respect toward office-holders, even those we disagree with politically, reflects our Christian witness and conscience before God.

Verses 8–10: Love Fulfills the Law

Paul now moves from civic duty to the highest law: love one another. This is not incidental to chapter 13; it is its climax. Love is the fulfilling of the law because all commandments—whether concerning adultery, murder, theft, or coveting—flow from one principle: "Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself" (v. 9). Love works no ill; therefore, love perfectly satisfies God's moral requirement (v. 10).

Application: Obedience to civil authority and payment of taxes are expressions of love toward our neighbors, as they contribute to social order. Our ultimate allegiance, however, is to love—which supersedes all lesser obligations.

Verses 11–14: Urgency and Holy Living

Paul shifts to eschatology—our salvation draws nearer (v. 11). The night is far spent; Christ's return is approaching. This urgency demands we cast off the works of darkness—rioting, drunkenness, sexual immorality, strife, and envy (vv. 12–13)—and instead put on the Lord Jesus Christ (v. 14). We must not make provision for fleshly lusts.

Application: Christian living is not about mere external conformity to laws but about transformation by Christ's presence. As we await His return, we abandon worldly indulgence and clothe ourselves with His character.

Application for Today

Romans 13 calls us to be model citizens and devoted lovers of Christ simultaneously. We honor civil authority as God's instrument while remaining ultimate in our loyalty to Jesus. We fulfill every law through love—toward God and neighbor. And we live with holy urgency, knowing that our citizenship in heaven is our primary identity, motivating us to holiness and self-control as we await His return.

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