Romans 1

Berean Standard Bible · 32 verses ·

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
Paul	G3972	ΠαῦλοςPaûlos	N-Nom-Sg-M
a servant	G1401	δοῦλοςdoûlos	N-Nom-Sg-M
of Christ	G5547	ΧριστοῦΧριστόςChristós	N-Gen-Sg-M
Jesus	G2424	ἸησοῦἸησοῦςIēsoûs	N-Gen-Sg-M
a called	G2822	κλητὸςκλητόςklētós	Adj-Nom-Sg-M
apostle	G652	ἀπόστολοςapóstolos	N-Nom-Sg-M
set apart	G873	ἀφωρισμένοςἀφορίζωaphorízō	V-Perf-Pass-Nom-Sg-M
for	G1519	εἰςeis	Prep
[the] gospel	G2098	εὐαγγέλιονeuangélion	N-Acc-Sg-N
of God	G2316	θεοῦθεόςtheós	N-Gen-Sg-M

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
which	G3739	ὃὅςhós	Rela-Acc-Sg-N
He promised beforehand	G4279	προεπηγγείλατοπροεπαγγέλλομαιproepangéllomai	V-Aor-Mid-Ind-Sg-3P
through	G1223	διὰδιάdiá	Prep
the	G3588	τῶνὁho	Art-Gen-Pl-M
prophets	G4396	προφητῶνπροφήτηςprophḗtēs	N-Gen-Pl-M
of Him	G846	αὐτοῦαὐτόςautós	Pers-Gen-Sg-M
in	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
[the] Scriptures	G1124	γραφαῖςγραφήgraphḗ	N-Dat-Pl-F
Holy	G40	ἁγίαιςἅγιοςhágios	Adj-Dat-Pl-F

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
concerning	G4012	περὶπερίperí	Prep
the	G3588	τοῦὁho	Art-Gen-Sg-M
Son	G5207	υἱοῦυἱόςhuiós	N-Gen-Sg-M
of Him	G846	αὐτοῦαὐτόςautós	Pers-Gen-Sg-M
who	G3588	τοῦὁho	Art-Gen-Sg-M
having come	G1096	γενομένουγίνομαιgínomai	V-2nd-Mid-Gen-Sg-M
of [the]	G1537	ἐκek	Prep
seed	G4690	σπέρματοςσπέρμαspérma	N-Gen-Sg-N
of David	G1138	ΔαυὶδΔαβίδDabíd	N-Gen-Sg-M
according to	G2596	κατὰκατάkatá	Prep
flesh	G4561	σάρκασάρξsárx	N-Acc-Sg-F

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
who	G3588	τοῦὁho	Art-Gen-Sg-M
having been declared	G3724	ὁρισθέντοςὁρίζωhorízō	V-Aor-Pass-Gen-Sg-M
Son	G5207	υἱοῦυἱόςhuiós	N-Gen-Sg-M
of God	G2316	θεοῦθεόςtheós	N-Gen-Sg-M
in	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
power	G1411	δυνάμειδύναμιςdýnamis	N-Dat-Sg-F
according to [the]	G2596	κατὰκατάkatá	Prep
Spirit	G4151	πνεῦμαpneûma	N-Acc-Sg-N
of holiness	G42	ἁγιωσύνηςἁγιωσύνηhagiōsýnē	N-Gen-Sg-F
by	G1537	ἐξἐκek	Prep
resurrection	G386	ἀναστάσεωςἀνάστασιςanástasis	N-Gen-Sg-F
[from the] dead	G3498	νεκρῶννεκρόςnekrós	Adj-Gen-Pl-M
Jesus	G2424	ἸησοῦἸησοῦςIēsoûs	N-Gen-Sg-M
Christ	G5547	ΧριστοῦΧριστόςChristós	N-Gen-Sg-M
the	G3588	τοῦὁho	Art-Gen-Sg-M
Lord	G2962	κυρίουκύριοςkýrios	N-Gen-Sg-M
of us	G1473	ἡμῶνἐγώegṓ	Pers-Gen-Pl-1P

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
through	G1223	δι᾽διάdiá	Prep
whom	G3739	οὗὅςhós	Rela-Gen-Sg-M
we have received	G2983	ἐλάβομενλαμβάνωlambánō	V-2nd-Act-Ind-Pl-1P
grace	G5485	χάρινχάριςcháris	N-Acc-Sg-F
and	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
apostleship	G651	ἀποστολὴνἀποστολήapostolḗ	N-Acc-Sg-F
unto	G1519	εἰςeis	Prep
obedience	G5218	ὑπακοὴνὑπακοήhypakoḗ	N-Acc-Sg-F
of faith	G4102	πίστεωςπίστιςpístis	N-Gen-Sg-F
among	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
all	G3956	πᾶσινπᾶςpâs	Adj-Dat-Pl-N
the	G3588	τοῖςὁho	Art-Dat-Pl-N
Gentiles	G1484	ἔθνεσινἔθνοςéthnos	N-Dat-Pl-N
on behalf of	G5228	ὑπὲρὑπέρhypér	Prep
the	G3588	τοῦὁho	Art-Gen-Sg-N
name	G3686	ὀνόματοςὄνομαónoma	N-Gen-Sg-N
of Him	G846	αὐτοῦαὐτόςautós	Pers-Gen-Sg-M

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
among	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
whom	G3739	οἷςὅςhós	Rela-Dat-Pl-N
are	G1510	ἐστεεἰμίeimí	V-Pres-Act-Ind-Pl-2P
also	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
you yourselves	G4771	ὑμεῖςσύsý	Pers-Nom-Pl-2P
called	G2822	κλητοὶκλητόςklētós	Adj-Nom-Pl-M
of Jesus	G2424	ἸησοῦἸησοῦςIēsoûs	N-Gen-Sg-M
Christ	G5547	ΧριστοῦΧριστόςChristós	N-Gen-Sg-M

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
To all	G3956	πᾶσινπᾶςpâs	Adj-Dat-Pl-M
those	G3588	τοῖςὁho	Art-Dat-Pl-M
being	G1510	οὖσινεἰμίeimí	V-Pres-Act-Dat-Pl-M
in	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
Rome	G4516	ῬώμῃῬώμηRhṓmē	N-Dat-Sg-F
beloved	G27	ἀγαπητοῖςἀγαπητόςagapētós	Adj-Dat-Pl-M
of God	G2316	θεοῦθεόςtheós	N-Gen-Sg-M
to [those] called	G2822	κλητοῖςκλητόςklētós	Adj-Dat-Pl-M
saints:	G40	ἁγίοιςἅγιοςhágios	Adj-Dat-Pl-M
Grace	G5485	χάριςcháris	N-Nom-Sg-F
to you	G4771	ὑμῖνσύsý	Pers-Dat-Pl-2P
and	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
peace	G1515	εἰρήνηeirḗnē	N-Nom-Sg-F
from	G575	ἀπὸἀπόapó	Prep
God	G2316	θεοῦθεόςtheós	N-Gen-Sg-M
[the] Father	G3962	πατρὸςπατήρpatḗr	N-Gen-Sg-M
of us	G1473	ἡμῶνἐγώegṓ	Pers-Gen-Pl-1P
and	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
[the] Lord	G2962	κυρίουκύριοςkýrios	N-Gen-Sg-M
Jesus	G2424	ἸησοῦἸησοῦςIēsoûs	N-Gen-Sg-M
Christ	G5547	ΧριστοῦΧριστόςChristós	N-Gen-Sg-M

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
First	G4413	Πρῶτονπρῶτοςprōtos	Adj-Acc-Sg-N
indeed	G3303	μὲνμένmén	Part
I thank	G2168	εὐχαριστῶεὐχαριστέωeucharistéō	V-Pres-Act-Ind-Sg-1P
the	G3588	τῷὁho	Art-Dat-Sg-M
God	G2316	θεῷθεόςtheós	N-Dat-Sg-M
of mine	G1473	μουἐγώegṓ	Pers-Gen-Sg-1P
through	G1223	διὰδιάdiá	Prep
Jesus	G2424	ἸησοῦἸησοῦςIēsoûs	N-Gen-Sg-M
Christ	G5547	ΧριστοῦΧριστόςChristós	N-Gen-Sg-M
for	G4012	περὶπερίperí	Prep
all	G3956	πάντωνπᾶςpâs	Adj-Gen-Pl-M
of you	G4771	ὑμῶνσύsý	Pers-Gen-Pl-2P
because	G3754	ὅτιhóti	Conj
the	G3588	ἡὁho	Art-Nom-Sg-F
faith	G4102	πίστιςpístis	N-Nom-Sg-F
of you	G4771	ὑμῶνσύsý	Pers-Gen-Pl-2P
is being proclaimed	G2605	καταγγέλλεταικαταγγέλλωkatangéllō	V-Pres-Pass-Ind-Sg-3P
in	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
all	G3650	ὅλῳὅλοςhólos	Adj-Dat-Sg-M
the	G3588	τῷὁho	Art-Dat-Sg-M
world	G2889	κόσμῳκόσμοςkósmos	N-Dat-Sg-M

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
Witness	G3144	μάρτυςmártys	N-Nom-Sg-M
for	G1063	γάρgár	Conj
me	G1473	μούἐγώegṓ	Pers-Gen-Sg-1P
is	G1510	ἐστινεἰμίeimí	V-Pres-Act-Ind-Sg-3P
the	G3588	ὁho	Art-Nom-Sg-M
God	G2316	θεόςtheós	N-Nom-Sg-M
whom	G3739	ᾧὅςhós	Rela-Dat-Sg-M
I serve	G3000	λατρεύωlatreúō	V-Pres-Act-Ind-Sg-1P
in	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
the	G3588	τῷὁho	Art-Dat-Sg-N
spirit	G4151	πνεύματίπνεῦμαpneûma	N-Dat-Sg-N
of mine	G1473	μουἐγώegṓ	Pers-Gen-Sg-1P
in	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
the	G3588	τῷὁho	Art-Dat-Sg-N
gospel	G2098	εὐαγγελίῳεὐαγγέλιονeuangélion	N-Dat-Sg-N
of the	G3588	τοῦὁho	Art-Gen-Sg-M
Son	G5207	υἱοῦυἱόςhuiós	N-Gen-Sg-M
of Him	G846	αὐτοῦαὐτόςautós	Pers-Gen-Sg-M
how	G5613	ὡςhōs	Adv
unceasingly	G89	ἀδιαλείπτωςadialeíptōs	Adv
mention	G3417	μνείανμνείαmneía	N-Acc-Sg-F
of you	G4771	ὑμῶνσύsý	Pers-Gen-Pl-2P
I make	G4160	ποιοῦμαιποιέωpoiéō	V-Pres-Mid-Ind-Sg-1P

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
alway(-s)	G3842	πάντοτεpántote	Adv
about (the times)	G1909	ἐπὶἐπίepí	Prep
the	G3588	τῶνὁho	Art-Gen-Pl-F
X pray earnestly	G4335	προσευχῶνπροσευχήproseuchḗ	N-Gen-Pl-F
I	G1473	μουἐγώegṓ	Pers-Gen-Sg-1P
[10] imploring	G1189	δεόμενοςδέομαιdéomai	V-Pres-Mid-Nom-Sg-M
if	G1487	εἴεἰei	Conj
somehow	G4459	πωςπῶςpōs	Adv
now	G2235	ἤδηḗdē	Adv
at last	G4218	ποτὲποτέpoté	Part
I will succeed	G2137	εὐοδωθήσομαιεὐοδόωeuodóō	V-Fut-Pass-Ind-Sg-1P
by	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
the	G3588	τῷὁho	Art-Dat-Sg-N
will	G2307	θελήματιθέλημαthélēma	N-Dat-Sg-N
the	G3588	τοῦὁho	Art-Gen-Sg-M
of God	G2316	θεοῦθεόςtheós	N-Gen-Sg-M
to come	G2064	ἐλθεῖνἔρχομαιérchomai	V-2nd-Act
to	G4314	πρὸςπρόςprós	Prep
you	G4771	ὑμᾶςσύsý	Pers-Acc-Pl-2P

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
I long	G1971	ἐπιποθῶἐπιποθέωepipothéō	V-Pres-Act-Ind-Sg-1P
for	G1063	γὰργάρgár	Conj
to see	G1492	ἰδεῖνεἴδωeídō	V-2nd-Act
you	G4771	ὑμᾶςσύsý	Pers-Acc-Pl-2P
that	G2443	ἵναhína	Conj
some	G5100	τιτὶςtìs	Inde-Acc-Sg-N
I may impart	G3330	μεταδῶμεταδίδωμιmetadídōmi	V-2nd-Act-Sub-Sg-1P
gift	G5486	χάρισμαchárisma	N-Acc-Sg-N
to you	G4771	ὑμῖνσύsý	Pers-Dat-Pl-2P
spiritual	G4152	πνευματικὸνπνευματικόςpneumatikós	Adj-Acc-Sg-N
to	G1519	εἰςeis	Prep
the	G3588	τὸὁho	Art-Acc-Sg-N
strengthening	G4741	στηριχθῆναιστηρίζωstērízō	V-Aor-Pass
of you	G4771	ὑμᾶςσύsý	Pers-Acc-Pl-2P

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
that	G3778	τοῦτοοὗτοςhoûtos	Demo-Nom-Sg-N
now	G1161	δέdé	Conj
is	G1510	ἐστινεἰμίeimí	V-Pres-Act-Ind-Sg-3P
to be encouraged together	G4837	συμπαρακληθῆναισυμπαρακαλέωsymparakaléō	V-Aor-Pass
among	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
you	G4771	ὑμῖνσύsý	Pers-Dat-Pl-2P
through	G1223	διὰδιάdiá	Prep
the	G3588	τῆςὁho	Art-Gen-Sg-F
among	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
one another	G240	ἀλλήλοιςἀλλήλωνallḗlōn	Reci-Dat-Pl-M
faith	G4102	πίστεωςπίστιςpístis	N-Gen-Sg-F
of you	G4771	ὑμῶνσύsý	Pers-Gen-Pl-2P
both	G5037	τετέté	Conj
and	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
I	G1473	ἐμοῦἐγώegṓ	Pers-Gen-Sg-1P

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
Not	G3756	οὐou	Nega
I do want	G2309	θέλωthélō	V-Pres-Act-Ind-Sg-1P
now	G1161	δὲδέdé	Conj
you	G4771	ὑμᾶςσύsý	Pers-Acc-Pl-2P
to be ignorant	G50	ἀγνοεῖνἀγνοέωagnoéō	V-Pres-Act
brothers	G80	ἀδελφοίἀδελφόςadelphós	N-Voc-Pl-M
that	G3754	ὅτιhóti	Conj
many times	G4178	πολλάκιςpollákis	Adv
I purposed	G4388	προεθέμηνπροτίθεμαιprotíthemai	V-2nd-Mid-Ind-Sg-1P
to come	G2064	ἐλθεῖνἔρχομαιérchomai	V-2nd-Act
to	G4314	πρὸςπρόςprós	Prep
you	G4771	ὑμᾶςσύsý	Pers-Acc-Pl-2P
and	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
was hindered	G2967	ἐκωλύθηνκωλύωkōlýō	V-Aor-Pass-Ind-Sg-1P
until	G891	ἄχριáchri	Prep
the	G3588	τοῦὁho	Art-Gen-Sg-M
present	G1204	δεῦροdeûro	Adv
that	G2443	ἵναhína	Conj
some	G5100	τινὰτὶςtìs	Inde-Acc-Sg-M
fruit	G2590	καρπὸνκαρπόςkarpós	N-Acc-Sg-M
I may have	G2192	σχῶἔχωéchō	V-2nd-Act-Sub-Sg-1P
also	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
among	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
you	G4771	ὑμῖνσύsý	Pers-Dat-Pl-2P
even as	G2531	καθὼςκαθώςkathṓs	Conj
even	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
among	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
the	G3588	τοῖςὁho	Art-Dat-Pl-N
other	G3062	λοιποῖςλοιποίloipoí	Adj-Dat-Pl-N
Gentiles	G1484	ἔθνεσινἔθνοςéthnos	N-Dat-Pl-N

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
To Greeks	G1672	ἝλλησίνἝλληνHéllēn	N-Dat-Pl-M
both	G5037	τετέté	Conj
and	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
to barbarians	G915	βαρβάροιςβάρβαροςbárbaros	Adj-Dat-Pl-M
to [the] wise	G4680	σοφοῖςσοφόςsophós	Adj-Dat-Pl-M
both	G5037	τετέté	Conj
and	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
to [the] foolish	G453	ἀνοήτοιςἀνόητοςanóētos	Adj-Dat-Pl-M
a debtor	G3781	ὀφειλέτηςopheilétēs	N-Nom-Sg-M
I am	G1510	εἰμίeimí	V-Pres-Act-Ind-Sg-1P

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
Thus	G3779	οὕτωςοὕτωhoútō	Adv
the	G3588	τὸὁho	Art-Nom-Sg-N
as to	G2596	κατ᾽κατάkatá	Prep
me myself [there is]	G1473	ἐμὲἐγώegṓ	Pers-Acc-Sg-1P
readiness	G4289	πρόθυμονπρόθυμοςpróthymos	Adj-Nom-Sg-N
also	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
to you	G4771	ὑμῖνσύsý	Pers-Dat-Pl-2P
who [are]	G3588	τοῖςὁho	Art-Dat-Pl-M
in	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
Rome	G4516	ῬώμῃῬώμηRhṓmē	N-Dat-Sg-F
to evangelise	G2097	εὐαγγελίσασθαιεὐαγγελίζωeuangelízō	V-Aor-Mid

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
Not	G3756	Οὐοὐou	Nega
for	G1063	γὰργάρgár	Conj
I am ashamed of	G1870	ἐπαισχύνομαιepaischýnomai	V-Pres-Mid-Ind-Sg-1P
the	G3588	τὸὁho	Art-Acc-Sg-N
gospel	G2098	εὐαγγέλιονeuangélion	N-Acc-Sg-N
[the] power	G1411	δύναμιςdýnamis	N-Nom-Sg-F
for	G1063	γὰργάρgár	Conj
of God	G2316	θεοῦθεόςtheós	N-Gen-Sg-M
it is	G1510	ἐστινεἰμίeimí	V-Pres-Act-Ind-Sg-3P
unto	G1519	εἰςeis	Prep
salvation	G4991	σωτηρίανσωτηρίαsōtēría	N-Acc-Sg-F
to everyone	G3956	παντὶπᾶςpâs	Adj-Dat-Sg-M
who	G3588	τῷὁho	Art-Dat-Sg-M
is believing —	G4100	πιστεύοντιπιστεύωpisteúō	V-Pres-Act-Dat-Sg-M
to Jew	G2453	ἸουδαίῳἸουδαῖοςIoudaîos	Adj-Dat-Sg-M
both	G5037	τετέté	Conj
first	G4413	πρῶτονπρῶτοςprōtos	Adj-Acc-Sg-N
and	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
to Greek	G1672	ἝλληνιἝλληνHéllēn	N-Dat-Sg-M

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
[The] righteousness	G1343	δικαιοσύνηdikaiosýnē	N-Nom-Sg-F
for	G1063	γὰργάρgár	Conj
of God	G2316	θεοῦθεόςtheós	N-Gen-Sg-M
in	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
it	G846	αὐτῷαὐτόςautós	Pers-Dat-Sg-N
is revealed	G601	ἀποκαλύπτεταιἀποκαλύπτωapokalýptō	V-Pres-Pass-Ind-Sg-3P
from	G1537	ἐκek	Prep
faith	G4102	πίστεωςπίστιςpístis	N-Gen-Sg-F
to	G1519	εἰςeis	Prep
faith	G4102	πίστινπίστιςpístis	N-Acc-Sg-F
even as	G2531	καθὼςκαθώςkathṓs	Conj
it has been written:	G1125	γέγραπταιγράφωgráphō	V-Perf-Pass-Ind-Sg-3P
the	G3588	ὁho	Art-Nom-Sg-M
And	G1161	δὲδέdé	Conj
the righteous	G1342	δίκαιοςdíkaios	Adj-Nom-Sg-M
by	G1537	ἐκek	Prep
faith	G4102	πίστεωςπίστιςpístis	N-Gen-Sg-F
life(-time)	G2198	ζήσεταιζάωzáō	V-Fut-Mid-Ind-Sg-3P

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
Is revealed	G601	Ἀποκαλύπτεταιἀποκαλύπτωapokalýptō	V-Pres-Pass-Ind-Sg-3P
for	G1063	γὰργάρgár	Conj
[the] wrath	G3709	ὀργὴὀργήorgḗ	N-Nom-Sg-F
of God	G2316	θεοῦθεόςtheós	N-Gen-Sg-M
from	G575	ἀπ᾽ἀπόapó	Prep
heaven	G3772	οὐρανοῦοὐρανόςouranós	N-Gen-Sg-M
upon	G1909	ἐπὶἐπίepí	Prep
all	G3956	πᾶσανπᾶςpâs	Adj-Acc-Sg-F
ungodliness	G763	ἀσέβειανἀσέβειαasébeia	N-Acc-Sg-F
and	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
unrighteousness	G93	ἀδικίανἀδικίαadikía	N-Acc-Sg-F
of men	G444	ἀνθρώπωνἄνθρωποςánthrōpos	N-Gen-Pl-M
the	G3588	τῶνὁho	Art-Gen-Pl-M
the	G3588	τὴνὁho	Art-Acc-Sg-F
truth	G225	ἀλήθειανἀλήθειαalḗtheia	N-Acc-Sg-F
by	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
unrighteousness	G93	ἀδικίᾳἀδικίαadikía	N-Dat-Sg-F
suppressing	G2722	κατεχόντωνκατέχωkatéchō	V-Pres-Act-Gen-Pl-M

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
because	G1360	διότιdióti	Conj
the	G3588	τὸὁho	Art-Nom-Sg-N
known	G1110	γνωστὸνγνωστόςgnōstós	Adj-Nom-Sg-N
the	G3588	τοῦὁho	Art-Gen-Sg-M
of God	G2316	θεοῦθεόςtheós	N-Gen-Sg-M
manifest	G5318	φανερόνφανερόςphanerós	Adj-Nom-Sg-N
is	G1510	ἐστινεἰμίeimí	V-Pres-Act-Ind-Sg-3P
among	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
them	G846	αὐτοῖςαὐτόςautós	Pers-Dat-Pl-M
the	G3588	ὁho	Art-Nom-Sg-M
God	G2316	θεὸςθεόςtheós	N-Nom-Sg-M
for	G1063	γὰργάρgár	Conj
to them	G846	αὐτοῖςαὐτόςautós	Pers-Dat-Pl-M
has revealed [it]	G5319	ἐφανέρωσενφανερόωphaneróō	V-Aor-Act-Ind-Sg-3P

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
The	G3588	τὰὁho	Art-Nom-Pl-N
for	G1063	γὰργάρgár	Conj
invisible qualities	G517	ἀόραταἀόρατοςaóratos	Adj-Nom-Pl-N
of Him	G846	αὐτοῦαὐτόςautós	Pers-Gen-Sg-M
from	G575	ἀπὸἀπόapó	Prep
[the] creation	G2937	κτίσεωςκτίσιςktísis	N-Gen-Sg-F
of [the] world	G2889	κόσμουκόσμοςkósmos	N-Gen-Sg-M
by the	G3588	τοῖςὁho	Art-Dat-Pl-N
things made	G4161	ποιήμασινποίημαpoíēma	N-Dat-Pl-N
being understood	G3539	νοούμενανοιέωnoiéō	V-Pres-Pass-Nom-Pl-N
are clearly seen	G2529	καθορᾶταικαθοράωkathoráō	V-Pres-Pass-Ind-Sg-3P
the	G3588	ἥὁho	Art-Nom-Sg-F
both	G5037	τετέté	Conj
eternal	G126	ἀΐδιοςaḯdios	Adj-Nom-Sg-F
of Him	G846	αὐτοῦαὐτόςautós	Pers-Gen-Sg-M
power	G1411	δύναμιςdýnamis	N-Nom-Sg-F
and	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
divinity	G2305	θειότηςtheiótēs	N-Nom-Sg-F
for	G1519	εἰςeis	Prep
the	G3588	τὸὁho	Art-Acc-Sg-N
to be	G1510	εἶναιεἰμίeimí	V-Pres-Act
them	G846	αὐτοὺςαὐτόςautós	Pers-Acc-Pl-M
without excuse	G379	ἀναπολογήτουςἀναπολόγητοςanapológētos	Adj-Acc-Pl-M

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
For	G1360	διότιdióti	Conj
having known	G1097	γνόντεςγινώσκωginṓskō	V-2nd-Act-Nom-Pl-M
the	G3588	τὸνὁho	Art-Acc-Sg-M
God	G2316	θεὸνθεόςtheós	N-Acc-Sg-M
not	G3756	οὐχοὐou	Nega
as	G5613	ὡςhōs	Conj
God	G2316	θεὸνθεόςtheós	N-Acc-Sg-M
they glorified [Him]	G1392	ἐδόξασανδοξάζωdoxázō	V-Aor-Act-Ind-Pl-3P
or	G2228	ἢἤḗ	Conj
were thankful	G2168	ηὐχαρίστησανεὐχαριστέωeucharistéō	V-Aor-Act-Ind-Pl-3P
but	G235	ἀλλ᾽ἀλλάallá	Conj
they became futile	G3154	ἐματαιώθησανματαιόωmataióō	V-Aor-Pass-Ind-Pl-3P
in	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
the	G3588	τοῖςὁho	Art-Dat-Pl-M
thinking	G1261	διαλογισμοῖςδιαλογισμόςdialogismós	N-Dat-Pl-M
of them	G846	αὐτῶναὐτόςautós	Pers-Gen-Pl-M
and	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
was darkened	G4654	ἐσκοτίσθησκοτίζωskotízō	V-Aor-Pass-Ind-Sg-3P
the	G3588	ἡὁho	Art-Nom-Sg-F
foolish	G801	ἀσύνετοςasýnetos	Adj-Nom-Sg-F
of them	G846	αὐτῶναὐτόςautós	Pers-Gen-Pl-M
heart	G2588	καρδίαkardía	N-Nom-Sg-F

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
Professing	G5335	φάσκοντεςφάσκωpháskō	V-Pres-Act-Nom-Pl-M
to be	G1510	εἶναιεἰμίeimí	V-Pres-Act
wise	G4680	σοφοὶσοφόςsophós	Adj-Nom-Pl-M
they became fools	G3471	ἐμωράνθησανμωραίνωmōraínō	V-Aor-Pass-Ind-Pl-3P

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
and	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
they changed	G236	ἤλλαξανἀλλάσσωallássō	V-Aor-Act-Ind-Pl-3P
the	G3588	τὴνὁho	Art-Acc-Sg-F
glory	G1391	δόξανδόξαdóxa	N-Acc-Sg-F
of the	G3588	τοῦὁho	Art-Gen-Sg-M
immortal	G862	ἀφθάρτουἄφθαρτοςáphthartos	Adj-Gen-Sg-M
God	G2316	θεοῦθεόςtheós	N-Gen-Sg-M
into	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
a likeness	G3667	ὁμοιώματιὁμοίωμαhomoíōma	N-Dat-Sg-N
of an image	G1504	εἰκόνοςεἰκώνeikṓn	N-Gen-Sg-F
of mortal	G5349	φθαρτοῦφθαρτόςphthartós	Adj-Gen-Sg-M
man	G444	ἀνθρώπουἄνθρωποςánthrōpos	N-Gen-Sg-M
and	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
birds	G4071	πετεινῶνπετεινόνpeteinón	Adj-Gen-Pl-N
and	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
quadrupeds	G5074	τετραπόδωντετράπουςtetrápous	Adj-Gen-Pl-N
and	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
creeping thing	G2062	ἑρπετῶνἑρπετόνherpetón	N-Gen-Pl-N

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
Therefore	G1352	Διὸδιόdió	Conj
gave up	G3860	παρέδωκενπαραδίδωμιparadídōmi	V-Aor-Act-Ind-Sg-3P
them	G846	αὐτοὺςαὐτόςautós	Pers-Acc-Pl-M
the	G3588	ὁho	Art-Nom-Sg-M
God	G2316	θεὸςθεόςtheós	N-Nom-Sg-M
in	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
the	G3588	ταῖςὁho	Art-Dat-Pl-F
desires	G1939	ἐπιθυμίαιςἐπιθυμίαepithymía	N-Dat-Pl-F
of the	G3588	τῶνὁho	Art-Gen-Pl-F
hearts	G2588	καρδιῶνκαρδίαkardía	N-Gen-Pl-F
of them	G846	αὐτῶναὐτόςautós	Pers-Gen-Pl-M
to	G1519	εἰςeis	Prep
impurity	G167	ἀκαθαρσίανἀκαθαρσίαakatharsía	N-Acc-Sg-F
the	G3588	τοῦὁho	Art-Gen-Sg-N
to dishonor	G818	ἀτιμάζεσθαιἀτιμάζωatimázō	V-Pres-Mid
the	G3588	τὰὁho	Art-Acc-Pl-N
bodies	G4983	σώματασῶμαsōma	N-Acc-Pl-N
of them	G846	αὐτῶναὐτόςautós	Pers-Gen-Pl-M
between	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
themselves	G846	αὐτοῖςαὐτόςautós	Pers-Dat-Pl-M

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
who	G3748	οἵτινεςὅστιςhóstis	Rela-Nom-Pl-M
changed	G3337	μετήλλαξανμεταλλάσσωmetallássō	V-Aor-Act-Ind-Pl-3P
the	G3588	τὴνὁho	Art-Acc-Sg-F
truth	G225	ἀλήθειανἀλήθειαalḗtheia	N-Acc-Sg-F
the	G3588	τοῦὁho	Art-Gen-Sg-M
of God	G2316	θεοῦθεόςtheós	N-Gen-Sg-M
into	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
the	G3588	τῷὁho	Art-Dat-Sg-N
falsehood	G5579	ψεύδειψεῦδοςpseûdos	N-Dat-Sg-N
and	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
they reverenced	G4573	ἐσεβάσθησανσεβάζομαιsebázomai	V-Aor-Mid-Ind-Pl-3P
and	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
they served	G3000	ἐλάτρευσανλατρεύωlatreúō	V-Aor-Act-Ind-Pl-3P
the	G3588	τῇὁho	Art-Dat-Sg-F
created thing	G2937	κτίσεικτίσιςktísis	N-Dat-Sg-F
beyond	G3844	παρὰπαράpará	Prep
the [One]	G3588	τὸνὁho	Art-Acc-Sg-M
having created [it]	G2936	κτίσαντακτίζωktízō	V-Aor-Act-Acc-Sg-M
who	G3739	ὅςhós	Rela-Nom-Sg-M
is	G1510	ἐστινεἰμίeimí	V-Pres-Act-Ind-Sg-3P
blessed	G2128	εὐλογητὸςεὐλογητόςeulogētós	Adj-Nom-Sg-M
to	G1519	εἰςeis	Prep
the	G3588	τοὺςὁho	Art-Acc-Pl-M
ages!	G165	αἰῶναςαἰώνaiṓn	N-Acc-Pl-M
amen	G281	ἀμήνamḗn	HEB

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
Because of	G1223	Διὰδιάdiá	Prep
this	G3778	τοῦτοοὗτοςhoûtos	Demo-Acc-Sg-N
gave up	G3860	παρέδωκενπαραδίδωμιparadídōmi	V-Aor-Act-Ind-Sg-3P
them	G846	αὐτοὺςαὐτόςautós	Pers-Acc-Pl-M
the	G3588	ὁho	Art-Nom-Sg-M
God	G2316	θεὸςθεόςtheós	N-Nom-Sg-M
to	G1519	εἰςeis	Prep
passions	G3806	πάθηπάθοςpáthos	N-Acc-Pl-N
of dishonor	G819	ἀτιμίαςἀτιμίαatimía	N-Gen-Sg-F
the	G3588	αἵὁho	Art-Nom-Pl-F
Even	G5037	τετέté	Conj
for	G1063	γὰργάρgár	Conj
females	G2338	θήλειαιθῆλυςthēlys	Adj-Nom-Pl-F
of them	G846	αὐτῶναὐτόςautós	Pers-Gen-Pl-M
changed	G3337	μετήλλαξανμεταλλάσσωmetallássō	V-Aor-Act-Ind-Pl-3P
the	G3588	τὴνὁho	Art-Acc-Sg-F
natural	G5446	φυσικὴνφυσικόςphysikós	Adj-Acc-Sg-F
use	G5540	χρῆσινχρῆσιςchrēsis	N-Acc-Sg-F
into	G1519	εἰςeis	Prep
that	G3588	τὴνὁho	Art-Acc-Sg-F
contrary to	G3844	παρὰπαράpará	Prep
nature	G5449	φύσινφύσιςphýsis	N-Acc-Sg-F

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
Likewise	G3668	ὁμοίωςhomoíōs	Adv
then	G5037	τετέté	Conj
also	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
the	G3588	οἱὁho	Art-Nom-Pl-M
males	G730	ἄρσενεςἄῤῥηνárrhēn	Adj-Nom-Pl-M
having left	G863	ἀφέντεςἀφίημιaphíēmi	V-2nd-Act-Nom-Pl-M
the	G3588	τὴνὁho	Art-Acc-Sg-F
natural	G5446	φυσικὴνφυσικόςphysikós	Adj-Acc-Sg-F
use	G5540	χρῆσινχρῆσιςchrēsis	N-Acc-Sg-F
of the	G3588	τῆςὁho	Art-Gen-Sg-F
female	G2338	θηλείαςθῆλυςthēlys	Adj-Gen-Sg-F
were inflamed	G1572	ἐξεκαύθησανἐκκαίωekkaíō	V-Aor-Pass-Ind-Pl-3P
in	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
the	G3588	τῇὁho	Art-Dat-Sg-F
desire	G3715	ὀρέξειὄρεξιςórexis	N-Dat-Sg-F
of them	G846	αὐτῶναὐτόςautós	Pers-Gen-Pl-M
toward	G1519	εἰςeis	Prep
one another	G240	ἀλλήλουςἀλλήλωνallḗlōn	Reci-Acc-Pl-M
males	G730	ἄρσενεςἄῤῥηνárrhēn	Adj-Nom-Pl-M
with	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
males	G730	ἄρσεσινἄῤῥηνárrhēn	Adj-Dat-Pl-M
the	G3588	τὴνὁho	Art-Acc-Sg-F
shame	G808	ἀσχημοσύνηνἀσχημοσύνηaschēmosýnē	N-Acc-Sg-F
working out	G2716	κατεργαζόμενοικατεργάζομαιkatergázomai	V-Pres-Mid-Nom-Pl-M
and	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
the	G3588	τὴνὁho	Art-Acc-Sg-F
recompense	G489	ἀντιμισθίανἀντιμισθίαantimisthía	N-Acc-Sg-F
which	G3739	ἣνὅςhós	Rela-Acc-Sg-F
was fitting	G1163	ἔδειδεῖdeî	V-Imp-Act-Ind-Sg-3P
of the	G3588	τῆςὁho	Art-Gen-Sg-F
error	G4106	πλάνηςπλάνηplánē	N-Gen-Sg-F
of them	G846	αὐτῶναὐτόςautós	Pers-Gen-Pl-M
in	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
themselves	G1438	ἑαυτοῖςἑαυτοῦheautoû	Refl-Dat-Pl-3P-M
receive	G618	ἀπολαμβάνοντεςἀπολαμβάνωapolambánō	V-Pres-Act-Nom-Pl-M

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
And	G2532	Καὶκαίkaí	Conj
even as	G2531	καθὼςκαθώςkathṓs	Conj
not	G3756	οὐκοὐou	Nega
they did see fit	G1381	ἐδοκίμασανδοκιμάζωdokimázō	V-Aor-Act-Ind-Pl-3P
the	G3588	τὸνὁho	Art-Acc-Sg-M
God	G2316	θεὸνθεόςtheós	N-Acc-Sg-M
to have	G2192	ἔχεινἔχωéchō	V-Pres-Act
in [their]	G1722	ἐνen	Prep
knowledge	G1922	ἐπιγνώσειἐπίγνωσιςepígnōsis	N-Dat-Sg-F
gave up	G3860	παρέδωκενπαραδίδωμιparadídōmi	V-Aor-Act-Ind-Sg-3P
them	G846	αὐτοὺςαὐτόςautós	Pers-Acc-Pl-M
the	G3588	ὁho	Art-Nom-Sg-M
God	G2316	θεὸςθεόςtheós	N-Nom-Sg-M
to	G1519	εἰςeis	Prep
a depraved	G96	ἀδόκιμονἀδόκιμοςadókimos	Adj-Acc-Sg-M
mind	G3563	νοῦννοῦςnoûs	N-Acc-Sg-M
to do	G4160	ποιεῖνποιέωpoiéō	V-Pres-Act
the [things]	G3588	τὰὁho	Art-Acc-Pl-N
not	G3361	μὴμήmḗ	Nega
being proper	G2520	καθήκοντακαθήκωkathḗkō	V-Pres-Act-Acc-Pl-N

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
filled with	G4137	πεπληρωμένουςπληρόωplēróō	V-Perf-Pass-Acc-Pl-M
all	G3956	πάσῃπᾶςpâs	Adj-Dat-Sg-F
unrighteousness	G93	ἀδικίᾳἀδικίαadikía	N-Dat-Sg-F
wickedness	G4189	πονηρίᾳπονηρίαponēría	N-Dat-Sg-F
covetousness	G4124	πλεονεξίᾳπλεονεξίαpleonexía	N-Dat-Sg-F
malice	G2549	κακίᾳκακίαkakía	N-Dat-Sg-F
full	G3324	μεστοὺςμεστόςmestós	Adj-Acc-Pl-M
of envy	G5355	φθόνουφθόνοςphthónos	N-Gen-Sg-M
murder	G5408	φόνουφόνοςphónos	N-Gen-Sg-M
strife	G2054	ἔριδοςἔριςéris	N-Gen-Sg-F
deceit	G1388	δόλουδόλοςdólos	N-Gen-Sg-M
maliciousness	G2550	κακοηθείαςκακοήθειαkakoḗtheia	N-Gen-Sg-F
gossips	G5588	ψιθυριστὰςψιθυριστήςpsithyristḗs	N-Acc-Pl-M

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
slanderers	G2637	καταλάλουςκατάλαλοςkatálalos	Adj-Acc-Pl-M
hateful to God	G2319	θεοστυγεῖςθεοστυγήςtheostygḗs	Adj-Acc-Pl-M
insolent	G5197	ὑβριστὰςὑβριστήςhybristḗs	N-Acc-Pl-M
arrogant	G5244	ὑπερηφάνουςὑπερήφανοςhyperḗphanos	Adj-Acc-Pl-M
boastful	G213	ἀλαζόναςἀλαζώνalazṓn	N-Acc-Pl-M
inventors	G2182	ἐφευρετὰςἐφευρετήςepheuretḗs	N-Acc-Pl-M
of evil things	G2556	κακῶνκακόςkakós	Adj-Gen-Pl-N
to parents	G1118	γονεῦσινγονεύςgoneús	N-Dat-Pl-M
disobedient	G545	ἀπειθεῖςἀπειθήςapeithḗs	Adj-Acc-Pl-M

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
foolish	G801	ἀσυνέτουςἀσύνετοςasýnetos	Adj-Acc-Pl-M
untrustworthy	G802	ἀσυνθέτουςἀσύνθετοςasýnthetos	Adj-Acc-Pl-M
heartless	G794	ἀστόργουςἄστοργοςástorgos	Adj-Acc-Pl-M
unmerciful	G415	ἀνελεήμοναςἀνελεήμωνaneleḗmōn	Adj-Acc-Pl-M

¹Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle, and set apart for the gospel of God— ²the gospel He promised beforehand through His prophets in the Holy Scriptures, ³regarding His Son, who was a descendant of David according to the flesh, ⁴and who through the Spirit of holiness was declared with power to be the Son of God by His resurrection from the dead: Jesus Christ our Lord. ⁵Through Him and on behalf of His name, we received grace and apostleship to call all those among the Gentiles to the obedience that comes from faith. ⁶And you also are among those who are called to belong to Jesus Christ. ⁷To all in Rome who are loved by God and called to be saints: Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. ⁸First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, because your faith is being proclaimed all over the world. ⁹God, whom I serve with my spirit in preaching the gospel of His Son, is my witness how constantly I remember you ¹⁰in my prayers at all times, asking that now at last by God’s will I may succeed in coming to you. ¹¹For I long to see you so that I may impart to you some spiritual gift to strengthen you, ¹²that is, that you and I may be mutually encouraged by each other’s faith. ¹³I do not want you to be unaware, brothers, how often I planned to come to you (but have been prevented from visiting until now), in order that I might have a harvest among you, just as I have had among the other Gentiles. ¹⁴I am obligated both to Greeks and non-Greeks, both to the wise and the foolish. ¹⁵That is why I am so eager to preach the gospel also to you who are in Rome. ¹⁶I am not ashamed of the gospel, because it is the power of God for salvation to everyone who believes, first to the Jew, then to the Greek. ¹⁷For the gospel reveals the righteousness of God that comes by faith from start to finish, just as it is written: “The righteous will live by faith.” ¹⁸The wrath of God is being revealed from heaven against all the godlessness and wickedness of men who suppress the truth by their wickedness. ¹⁹For what may be known about God is plain to them, because God has made it plain to them. ²⁰For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities, His eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood from His workmanship, so that men are without excuse. ²¹For although they knew God, they neither glorified Him as God nor gave thanks to Him, but they became futile in their thinking and darkened in their foolish hearts. ²²Although they claimed to be wise, they became fools, ²³and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images of mortal man and birds and animals and reptiles. ²⁴Therefore God gave them over in the desires of their hearts to impurity for the dishonoring of their bodies with one another. ²⁵They exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is forever worthy of praise! Amen. ²⁶For this reason God gave them over to dishonorable passions. Even their women exchanged natural relations for unnatural ones. ²⁷Likewise, the men abandoned natural relations with women and burned with lust for one another. Men committed indecent acts with other men, and received in themselves the due penalty for their error. ²⁸Furthermore, since they did not see fit to acknowledge God, He gave them up to a depraved mind, to do what ought not to be done. ²⁹They have become filled with every kind of wickedness, evil, greed, and depravity. They are full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, and malice. They are gossips, ³⁰slanderers, God-haters, insolent, arrogant, and boastful. They invent new forms of evil; they disobey their parents. ³¹They are senseless, faithless, heartless, merciless. ³²Although they know God’s righteous decree that those who do such things are worthy of death, they not only continue to do these things, but also approve of those who practice them.

English	Strong's	Original · Root · Transliteration	Parsing
who	G3748	οἵτινεςὅστιςhóstis	Rela-Nom-Pl-M
the	G3588	τὸὁho	Art-Acc-Sg-N
righteous decree	G1345	δικαίωμαdikaíōma	N-Acc-Sg-N
the	G3588	τοῦὁho	Art-Gen-Sg-M
of God	G2316	θεοῦθεόςtheós	N-Gen-Sg-M
having known	G1921	ἐπιγνόντεςἐπιγινώσκωepiginṓskō	V-2nd-Act-Nom-Pl-M
that	G3754	ὅτιhóti	Adv
those	G3588	οἱὁho	Art-Nom-Pl-M
such	G3588	τὰὁho	Art-Acc-Pl-N
things	G5108	τοιαῦτατοιοῦτοςtoioûtos	Demo-Acc-Pl-N
doing	G4238	πράσσοντεςπράσσωprássō	V-Pres-Act-Nom-Pl-M
worthy	G514	ἄξιοιἄξιοςáxios	Adj-Nom-Pl-M
of death	G2288	θανάτουθάνατοςthánatos	N-Gen-Sg-M
are	G1510	εἰσίνεἰμίeimí	V-Pres-Act-Ind-Pl-3P
not	G3756	οὐou	Nega
only	G3441	μόνονμόνοςmónos	Adj-Acc-Sg-N
them	G846	αὐτὰαὐτόςautós	Pers-Acc-Pl-N
they are practicing	G4160	ποιοῦσινποιέωpoiéō	V-Pres-Act-Ind-Pl-3P
but	G235	ἀλλὰἀλλάallá	Conj
also	G2532	καὶκαίkaí	Conj
they are approving	G4909	συνευδοκοῦσινσυνευδοκέωsyneudokéō	V-Pres-Act-Ind-Pl-3P
of those	G3588	τοῖςὁho	Art-Dat-Pl-M
commit	G4238	πράσσουσινπράσσωprássō	V-Pres-Act-Dat-Pl-M

Study Notes — Romans 1

5 sections

Romans chapter 1 opens Paul's magnificent letter to the church at Rome with a clear statement of his apostolic calling and the gospel's power. After greeting the believers with grace and peace, Paul expresses his burden for them and his readiness to proclaim the gospel without shame. The chapter then pivots to one of Scripture's most sobering passages: Paul's description of human sinfulness and God's judicial response, showing how mankind's rejection of God leads to spiritual blindness and moral degradation. This foundation establishes both the glorious hope of the gospel and the desperate need all humanity has for Christ's redemptive work.

Paul begins by identifying himself as a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, separated unto the gospel of God (v. 1). His authority comes not from human appointment but from divine calling. He immediately anchors the gospel in Scripture, noting that God had promised afore by his prophets in the holy scriptures (v. 2). The gospel is not new; it is the fulfilment of Old Testament prophecy concerning his Son Jesus Christ our Lord (v. 3). Crucially, Jesus is both the seed of David according to the flesh—affirming His genuine humanity and messianic lineage—and the one declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead (v. 4). His resurrection vindicated His divine identity. Paul then emphasizes that through Christ, believers have received grace and apostleship, for obedience to the faith among all nations (v. 5). Every Christian is called to obedient faith and to spread the gospel globally.

Application: Do we recognize that our faith is rooted in God's ancient promises? Are we willing to obey Christ's commission to share our faith with those around us?

Paul addresses the Roman believers as the called of Jesus Christ (v. 6) and beloved of God, called to be saints (v. 7). He extends grace and peace from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ (v. 7)—the greeting that frames the entire gospel. Paul then expresses genuine gratitude, noting that their faith is spoken of throughout the whole world (v. 8). His own heart is devoted to prayer, serving God with my spirit in the gospel of his Son (v. 9). He desires a prosperous journey to visit them, not for personal tourism but to impart unto you some spiritual gift, to the end ye may be established (v. 11). Significantly, Paul adds that he expects mutual encouragement: That is, that I may be comforted together with you by the mutual faith both of you and me (v. 12). Christian fellowship is reciprocal, not hierarchical.

Application: Paul's prayerfulness and longing for genuine fellowship challenge us to prioritize intercession and authentic Christian community.

Paul explains his repeated desire to visit Rome, having been hindered thus far, so that he might see some fruit among you also, even as among other Gentiles (v. 13). He declares himself debtor both to the Greeks, and to the Barbarians; both to the wise, and to the unwise (v. 14), emphasizing the universal scope of his calling. His readiness to preach the gospel in Rome is absolute (v. 15). Then comes the verse that defines this entire letter: For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek (v. 16). The gospel is God's divine power, not human wisdom. Salvation comes through faith, regardless of ethnic background. In verse 17, Paul unveils the letter's central theme: therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith. God's own righteousness—His right-standing and justice—is made available to sinners through faith. The quote The just shall live by faith (from Habakkuk 2:4) becomes the interpretive key for all that follows.

Application: The gospel is God's power, not our eloquence. Do we believe it and stake our lives upon it?

Paul now presents the counterpoint: For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth in unrighteousness (v. 18). God's wrath is not capricious but righteous judgment against those who suppress truth. The foundation of human accountability is clear: that which may be known of God is manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them (v. 19). Through creation, the invisible things of him...are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even