Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)
Only olive oil seems to have been used among the Hebrews. It was used for many purposes: for anointing the body or the hair (Ex. 29:7; 2 Sam. 14:2; Ps. 23:5; 92:10; 104:15; Luke 7:46); in some of the offerings (Ex. 29:40; Lev. 7:12; Num. 6:15; 15:4), but was excluded from the sin-offering (Lev. 5:11) and the jealousy-offering (Num. 5:15); for burning in lamps (Ex. 25:6; 27:20; Matt. 25:3); for medicinal purposes (Isa. 1:6; Luke 10:34; James
5:14); and for anointing the dead (Matt. 26:12; Luke 23:56). It was one of the most valuable products of the country (Deut. 32:13; Ezek. 16:13), and formed an article of extensive commerce with Tyre (27:17). The use of it was a sign of gladness (Ps. 92:10; Isa. 61:3), and its omission a token of sorrow (2 Sam. 14:2; Matt. 6:17). It was very abundant in Galilee. (See OLIVE.)
Smith's Bible Dictionary (1863)
Of the numerous substances, animal and vegetable, which were known to the ancients as yielding oil, the olive berry is the one of which most frequent mention is made in the Scriptures.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible (1898) & Schaff's Bible Dictionary
OIL, amongst the Hebrews, was made from olive - berries and from spices. Ex 25:6. It was used - In the preparation of food, much as butter and lard are used to-day. 1 Kgs 17:12-15; Ex 29:2; Lev 2:4, etc. As a cosmetic for anointing the body, the beard, and the head. 2 Sam 14:2; Ps 23:5; Luke 7:46, etc. For illuminating purposes in lamps. Ex 25:6; Ex 27:20; Matt 25:3, etc. In worship. The first-fruits, Num 18:12, and the tithes were dedicated to
the Lord. Neh 13:5. The meat-offerings were also dipped in oil. Lev 2:10; Am 7:16, etc. In the ritual of consecration of kings and high priests. 1 Sam 10:1; Lev 8:12, etc. For medicinal purposes. Mark 6:13; Luke 10:34; Isa 1:6; Jas 5:14. For anointing the dead. Matt 26:12; Luke 23:56. The practice in the early Church of anointing the bodies of persons whose lives were despaired of was derived from Jas 5:14. The Roman Catholic Church has placed
the practice among the sacraments, denominating it "extreme unction." As an ordinary cosmetic, the use of oil is significant of joy and gladness, Ps 92:10, and the omission of it betokens sorrow. 2 Sam 14:2; Matt 6:17. See Olive.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible (1898)
OIL TREE (tree of oil). Isa 41:19 In 1 Kgs 6:23, 1 Kgs 6:31-33 these words are rendered "olive tree," and represent the material of the cherubim, doors, and posts of Solomon's temple. They are translated "pine" in Neh 8:15. But the olive tree is also unmistakably mentioned in this verse. If the oil tree was not the olive tree, what was it? Tristram and others believe it to be the oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia). This shrub has no affinity to
the olive, though resembling it in leaf and general appearance and yielding from its berries an inferior oil. It is found plentifully on the highlands of Palestine and about Jerusalem, thus meeting the direction of Neh 8:15, as the Balanites AEgyptiaca, a shrub of the Jordan valley, does not. Dr Tristram therefore suggests in one place (under "Oil Tree") that its "fine hard wood" was the wood of the cherubim, but in another place (under "Olive")
states that material to have been olive wood (as the A.V. reads). The latter opinion has a strong probability in its favor, and it does not appear that the oleaster is more than a large shrub, though the author cited calls it, as compared with the olive, "a smaller tree." For the passage in Nehemiah there would then be no present explanation unless we believe, as is very possible, that the term "oil tree," in later times at least, was extended or
restricted to the oleaster.