Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible (1898)
JUDG'ES. This was the title of a class of magistrates among the Israelites. They were appointed originally by Moses, at the suggestion of his father-in-law, to relieve him of a part of the duties of the chief magistracy. Ex 18:13-26. The judicial authority was primarily administered by the elders and by the heads of families. " — Ayre. See Num 27:21; 1 Sam 14:18 (ephod, not ark); 1 Sam 22:10, 1 Sam 22:13, 1 Sam 22:15; 1 Sam 23:6. But under him there were local judges, many of whom were Levites. 1 Chr 23:4. The great reform of Jehoshaphat included a sort of supreme court sitting in Jerusalem.
2 Chr 19:5-11. In later times the Sanhedrin was this court. Numerous exhortations are given in the Bible concerning judicial fairness. Deut 16:19; Prov 24:23; Ps 82. Besides these, there were others called Judges, whose history is given in the book of that name, but they were a class of men raised up in special emergencies and invested with extraordinary civil and military powers, not unlike the archons of Athens and the dictators of Rome. See Hebrews. They were given to the Israelites about the space of 450 years, until Samuel the prophet. Acts 13:20.
List of Judges, and probable Term of Service. c. unk. unk. c. 1091. It is only proper to add that the chronology of the Bible is very uncertain until we get to David's reign, and that these 15 specified Judges may not all have been successive. The period of the Judges was a semi-barbarous age, where might was right, and every one did what seemed good in his sight. But it was also a period of divine interpositions and deliverances. It was the heroic age of Jewish history.
Judges, Book of, derives its title from the fact that it gives us the history of the Israelites under the administration of 15 Judges, viz. from 18 or 20 years after the death of Joshua to the time of Saul. The chronology is uncertain. " Prov 14:34. It may be divided into two parts: I. Chs. 3-16, an account of God's successive deliverances; II. Chs. 17-21, an account, detached from the preceding and out of chronological order, of the invasion of Laish by the Danites, in connection with the story of Micah and his priest, Jonathan, chs.
17 and 18; and an account of the revenge of the insult to the Levite, chs. 19-21, the whole prefaced with an introduction, chs. 1-3. The book is quite evidently a compilation from existent and trustworthy materials. Its date is uncertain.