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Joshua 20

BSB·9 verses ·Old Testament
✦ Tap any verse to open Scripture Explorer — original Hebrew/Greek, commentary, notes & highlights
1Then the LORDיְהוָ֔הYah·weh — The LORD; God's covenant nameH3068 — Full Word Study → saidוַיְדַבֵּ֣רway·ḏab·bêr — to speak, say, or declareH1696 — Full Word Study → toאֶל־’el- — to, toward, against; directional and relational prepositionH413 — Full Word Study → Joshuaיְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַyə·hō·wō·šu·a‘ — The Lord is salvationH3091 — Full Word Study →, 2Tellדַּבֵּ֛רdab·bêr — to speak, say, or declareH1696 — Full Word Study → the Israelitesבְּנֵ֥יbə·nê — Son; descendant; member of a groupH1121 — Full Word Study → to designateתְּנ֤וּtə·nū — to give, grant, or bestowH5414 — Full Word Study → the citiesעָרֵ֣י‘ā·rê — City; fortified settlement or townH5892 — Full Word Study → of refugeהַמִּקְלָ֔טham·miq·lāṭ — A place of refuge or asylum; shelter from dangerH4733 — Full Word Study →, asאֲשֶׁר־’ă·šer- — who, which, that; when, where, becauseH834 — Full Word Study → I instructedדִּבַּ֥רְתִּיdib·bar·tî — to speak, say, or declareH1696 — Full Word Study → you throughבְּיַד־bə·yaḏ- — hand; power, strength, controlH3027 — Full Word Study → Mosesמֹשֶֽׁה׃mō·šeh — Drawn outH4872 — Full Word Study →, 3so that anyoneרוֹצֵ֔חַrō·w·ṣê·aḥ — to murder; to unlawfully kill a human beingH7523 — Full Word Study → who killsמַכֵּה־mak·kêh- — To strike, smite, or defeat with forceH5221 — Full Word Study → anotherנֶ֥פֶשׁne·p̄eš — soul, life, person, selfH5315 — Full Word Study → unintentionallyבִּשְׁגָגָ֖הbiš·ḡā·ḡāh — unintentional sin or errorH7684 — Full Word Study → or accidentallyבִּבְלִי־biḇ·lî- — without, lack of, absenceH1097 — Full Word Study → may fleeלָנ֥וּסlā·nūs — to flee, escape, or run awayH5127 — Full Word Study → thereשָׁ֙מָּה֙šām·māh — There, in that placeH8033 — Full Word Study →. These will beוְהָי֤וּwə·hā·yū — to be, become, exist, happenH1961 — Full Word Study → your refugeלְמִקְלָ֔טlə·miq·lāṭ — A place of refuge or asylum; shelter from dangerH4733 — Full Word Study → from the avengerמִגֹּאֵ֖לmig·gō·’êl — to redeem; to act as kinsman-redeemerH1350 — Full Word Study → of bloodהַדָּֽם׃had·dām — blood; life force; bloodshed; guiltH1818 — Full Word Study →. 4When someone fleesוְנָ֞סwə·nās — to flee, escape, or run awayH5127 — Full Word Study → toאֶל־’el- — to, toward, against; directional and relational prepositionH413 — Full Word Study → oneאַחַ֣ת׀’a·ḥaṯ — One; unity; single; firstH259 — Full Word Study → of theseהָאֵ֗לֶּהhā·’êl·leh — These; those; the onesH428 — Full Word Study → citiesמֵהֶעָרִ֣יםmê·he·‘ā·rîm — City; fortified settlement or townH5892 — Full Word Study →, standsוְעָמַד֙wə·‘ā·maḏ — to stand, take a stand, be establishedH5975 — Full Word Study → at the entranceפֶּ֚תַחpe·ṯaḥ — doorway, entrance, openingH6607 — Full Word Study → of the cityהָעִ֔ירhā·‘îr — City; fortified settlement or townH5892 — Full Word Study → gateשַׁ֣עַרša·‘ar — Gate; entrance to a city or enclosureH8179 — Full Word Study →, and statesוְדִבֶּ֛רwə·ḏib·ber — to speak, say, or declareH1696 — Full Word Study → his caseדְּבָרָ֑יוdə·ḇā·rāw — word, matter, thing, affairH1697 — Full Word Study → before its elders, they are to bringוְאָסְפ֨וּwə·’ā·sə·p̄ū — to gather, assemble, collectH622 — Full Word Study → himאֹת֤וֹ’ō·ṯōw — direct object marker; signs accusative caseH853 — Full Word Study → into the cityהָעִ֙ירָה֙hā·‘î·rāh — City; fortified settlement or townH5892 — Full Word Study → and giveוְנָתְנוּ־wə·nā·ṯə·nū- — to give, grant, or bestowH5414 — Full Word Study → him a placeמָק֖וֹםmā·qō·wm — A place, location, or spaceH4725 — Full Word Study → to liveוְיָשַׁ֥בwə·yā·šaḇ — to dwell, inhabit, settle, remainH3427 — Full Word Study → among themעִמָּֽם׃‘im·mām — with, together with, amongH5973 — Full Word Study →. 5Now ifוְכִ֨יwə·ḵî — because, since, that (conjunction/reason marker)H3588 — Full Word Study → the avengerגֹּאֵ֤לgō·’êl — to redeem; to act as kinsman-redeemerH1350 — Full Word Study → of bloodהַדָּם֙had·dām — blood; life force; bloodshed; guiltH1818 — Full Word Study → pursues himיִרְדֹּ֜ףyir·dōp̄ — to pursue, chase, or persecuteH7291 — Full Word Study →, they must notוְלֹֽא־wə·lō- — not; negation; absenceH3808 — Full Word Study → surrenderיַסְגִּ֥רוּyas·gi·rū — to shut, close, or encloseH5462 — Full Word Study → the manslayerהָרֹצֵ֖חַhā·rō·ṣê·aḥ — to murder; to unlawfully kill a human beingH7523 — Full Word Study → into his handבְּיָד֑וֹbə·yā·ḏōw — hand; power, strength, controlH3027 — Full Word Study →, becauseכִּ֤יkî — because, since, that (conjunction/reason marker)H3588 — Full Word Study → that man killed his neighborרֵעֵ֔הוּrê·‘ê·hū — neighbor, friend, companion, associateH7453 — Full Word Study → accidentallyבִבְלִי־ḇiḇ·lî- — without, lack of, absenceH1097 — Full Word Study → withoutוְלֹֽא־wə·lō- — not; negation; absenceH3808 — Full Word Study → priorשִׁלְשֽׁוֹם׃šil·šō·wm — three days ago; formerly; long agoH8032 — Full Word Study → maliceשֹׂנֵ֥אśō·nê — to hate, despise, regard with hostilityH8130 — Full Word Study →. 6He is to stayוְיָשַׁ֣ב׀wə·yā·šaḇ — to dwell, inhabit, settle, remainH3427 — Full Word Study → in thatהַהִ֗יאha·hî — He, she, it; the third person pronounH1931 — Full Word Study → cityבָּעִ֣ירbā·‘îr — City; fortified settlement or townH5892 — Full Word Study → untilעַד־‘aḏ- — until, till, up to (temporal or spatial limit)H5704 — Full Word Study → he standsעָמְד֞וֹ‘ā·mə·ḏōw — to stand, take a stand, be establishedH5975 — Full Word Study → trialלַמִּשְׁפָּ֔טlam·miš·pāṭ — Justice, judgment, or legal decisionH4941 — Full Word Study → beforeלִפְנֵ֤יlip̄·nê — face; presence; beforeH6440 — Full Word Study → the assemblyהָֽעֵדָה֙hā·‘ê·ḏāh — congregation, assembly, gathered communityH5712 — Full Word Study → and untilעַד־‘aḏ- — until, till, up to (temporal or spatial limit)H5704 — Full Word Study → the deathמוֹת֙mō·wṯ — death, the state of being deadH4194 — Full Word Study → of the highהַגָּד֔וֹלhag·gā·ḏō·wl — Great, mighty, large in size or significanceH1419 — Full Word Study → priestהַכֹּהֵ֣ןhak·kō·hên — priest; one who serves in God's sanctuaryH3548 — Full Word Study → servingיִהְיֶ֖הyih·yeh — to be, become, exist, happenH1961 — Full Word Study → at thatהָהֵ֑םhā·hêm — They, them (masculine plural pronoun)H1992 — Full Word Study → timeבַּיָּמִ֣יםbay·yā·mîm — day; time; period; ageH3117 — Full Word Study →. Thenאָ֣ז׀’āz — Then; at that time; thereforeH227 — Full Word Study → the manslayerהָרוֹצֵ֗חַhā·rō·w·ṣê·aḥ — to murder; to unlawfully kill a human beingH7523 — Full Word Study → may returnיָשׁ֣וּבyā·šūḇ — to turn back, return, restoreH7725 — Full Word Study → to his own homeבֵּית֔וֹbê·ṯōw — A house; dwelling place; household; familyH1004 — Full Word Study → inאֶל־’el- — to, toward, against; directional and relational prepositionH413 — Full Word Study → the cityעִירוֹ֙‘î·rōw — City; fortified settlement or townH5892 — Full Word Study → from whichאֲשֶׁר־’ă·šer- — who, which, that; when, where, becauseH834 — Full Word Study → he fledנָ֥סnās — to flee, escape, or run awayH5127 — Full Word Study →.” 7So they set apartוַיַּקְדִּ֜שׁוּway·yaq·di·šū — to set apart as holy; to consecrate or sanctifyH6942 — Full Word Study → Kedeshקֶ֤דֶשׁqe·ḏeš — Holy place, sanctuaryH6943 — Full Word Study → in Galileeבַּגָּלִיל֙bag·gā·lîl — Circle, region in northern IsraelH1551 — Full Word Study → in the hill countryבְּהַ֣רbə·har — Mountain, hill, or elevated land massH2022 — Full Word Study → of Naphtaliנַפְתָּלִ֔יnap̄·tā·lî — My wrestlingH5321 — Full Word Study →, Shechemשְׁכֶ֖םšə·ḵem — Shoulder; a cityH7927 — Full Word Study → in the hill countryבְּהַ֣רbə·har — Mountain, hill, or elevated land massH2022 — Full Word Study → of Ephraimאֶפְרָ֑יִם’ep̄·rā·yim — Double fruitfulnessH669 — Full Word Study →, and Kiriath-arbaאַרְבַּ֛ע’ar·ba‘ — Kiriath-arba, the City of FourH7153 — Full Word Study → (that isהִ֥יאhî — He, she, it; the third person pronounH1931 — Full Word Study →, Hebronחֶבְר֖וֹןḥeḇ·rō·wn — Hebron, a significant ancient city in JudahH2275 — Full Word Study →) in the hill countryבְּהַ֥רbə·har — Mountain, hill, or elevated land massH2022 — Full Word Study → of Judahיְהוּדָֽה׃yə·hū·ḏāh — The Lord is praisedH3063 — Full Word Study →. 8And beyondוּמֵעֵ֜בֶרū·mê·‘ê·ḇer — side, border, region beyondH5676 — Full Word Study → the Jordanלְיַרְדֵּ֤ןlə·yar·dên — The flowing riverH3383 — Full Word Study →, eastמִזְרָ֔חָהmiz·rā·ḥāh — east; direction of the sunrise; eastern regionH4217 — Full Word Study → of Jerichoיְרִיחוֹ֙yə·rî·ḥōw — City of palmsH3405 — Full Word Study →, they designatedנָתְנ֞וּnā·ṯə·nū — to give, grant, or bestowH5414 — Full Word Study → Bezerבֶּ֧צֶרbe·ṣer — A city of refugeH1221 — Full Word Study → on the wildernessבַּמִּדְבָּ֛רbam·miḏ·bār — Desert; wilderness; pasture; speechH4057 — Full Word Study → plateauבַּמִּישֹׁ֖רbam·mî·šōr — level ground, plains, or moral straightnessH4334 — Full Word Study → from the tribeמִמַּטֵּ֣הmim·maṭ·ṭêh — Rod, staff, or tribeH4294 — Full Word Study → of Reubenרְאוּבֵ֑ןrə·’ū·ḇên — Behold, a sonH7205 — Full Word Study →, Ramothרָאמֹ֤תrā·mōṯ — Heights or Elevated PlaceH7216 — Full Word Study → in Gileadבַּגִּלְעָד֙bag·gil·‘āḏ — Rocky, hilly regionH1568 — Full Word Study → from the tribeמִמַּטֵּה־mim·maṭ·ṭêh- — Rod, staff, or tribeH4294 — Full Word Study → of Gadגָ֔דḡāḏ — Fortune, luckH1410 — Full Word Study →, andוְאֶת־wə·’eṯ- — direct object marker; signs accusative caseH853 — Full Word Study → Golanגָּלוֹןgå̄·lōn — Refuge city in BashanH1474 — Full Word Study → in Bashanבַּבָּשָׁ֖ןbab·bā·šān — Fertile region east of JordanH1316 — Full Word Study → from the tribeמִמַּטֵּ֥הmim·maṭ·ṭêh — Rod, staff, or tribeH4294 — Full Word Study → of Manassehמְנַשֶּֽׁה׃mə·naš·šeh — God has made me forgetH4519 — Full Word Study →. 9Theseאֵ֣לֶּה’êl·leh — These; those; the onesH428 — Full Word Study → areהָיוּ֩hā·yū — to be, become, exist, happenH1961 — Full Word Study → the citiesעָרֵ֨י‘ā·rê — City; fortified settlement or townH5892 — Full Word Study → appointedהַמּֽוּעָדָ֜הham·mū·‘ā·ḏāh — appointed time, designated meeting, fixed assemblyH4152 — Full Word Study → for allלְכֹ֣ל׀lə·ḵōl — All, every, whole, totalityH3605 — Full Word Study → the Israelitesבְּנֵ֣יbə·nê — Son; descendant; member of a groupH1121 — Full Word Study → and foreignersוְלַגֵּר֙wə·lag·gêr — Resident alien; temporary inhabitant without full citizenship rightsH1616 — Full Word Study → among themבְּתוֹכָ֔םbə·ṯō·w·ḵām — midst, among, between, throughH8432 — Full Word Study →, so that anyoneכָּל־kāl- — All, every, whole, totalityH3605 — Full Word Study → who killsמַכֵּה־mak·kêh- — To strike, smite, or defeat with forceH5221 — Full Word Study → a personנֶ֖פֶשׁne·p̄eš — soul, life, person, selfH5315 — Full Word Study → unintentionallyבִּשְׁגָגָ֑הbiš·ḡā·ḡāh — unintentional sin or errorH7684 — Full Word Study → may fleeלָנ֣וּסlā·nūs — to flee, escape, or run awayH5127 — Full Word Study → thereשָׁ֔מָּהšām·māh — There, in that placeH8033 — Full Word Study → and notוְלֹ֣אwə·lō — not; negation; absenceH3808 — Full Word Study → dieיָמ֗וּתyā·mūṯ — to die; to put to death; to killH4191 — Full Word Study → by the handבְּיַד֙bə·yaḏ — hand; power, strength, controlH3027 — Full Word Study → of the avengerגֹּאֵ֣לgō·’êl — to redeem; to act as kinsman-redeemerH1350 — Full Word Study → of bloodהַדָּ֔םhad·dām — blood; life force; bloodshed; guiltH1818 — Full Word Study → priorעַד־‘aḏ- — until, till, up to (temporal or spatial limit)H5704 — Full Word Study → to standing trial beforeלִפְנֵ֥יlip̄·nê — face; presence; beforeH6440 — Full Word Study → the assemblyהָעֵדָֽה׃פhā·‘ê·ḏāh — congregation, assembly, gathered communityH5712 — Full Word Study →.
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Chapter Commentary — Joshua 20
Chapter Overview

Chapter Overview

Joshua 20 records the establishment of six cities of refuge throughout Israel—a critical institution of God's law designed to protect the innocent from the blood-avenger's swift justice. These cities embodied God's mercy and discrimination between willful murder and unintentional manslaughter. This chapter demonstrates that even in the conquest and settlement of the Promised Land, God's people were called to exercise justice tempered with compassion, reflecting His own character of both holiness and grace.

Verses 1-3: God's Command and Purpose

The LORD directly instructs Joshua to establish cities of refuge, reminding Israel that this institution had already been revealed through Moses (see Numbers 35). The purpose is clear: to provide a safe haven for anyone who kills another person unawares and unwittingly—that is, without malice or deliberate intent. These cities would serve as a refuge from the avenger of blood, the kinsman-redeemer whose cultural duty was to pursue and execute the killer. God's law distinguished sharply between accidental death and premeditated murder, and the cities of refuge were His gracious provision for those whose hands shed blood without hatred in their hearts.

Verses 4-5: The Process of Refuge

The procedure was straightforward and just. A person fleeing to the city gate would present his case before the city elders, who would hear his testimony and determine whether the killing was truly unintentional. Upon confirmation, the fugitive received protection within the city walls. Verse 5 emphasizes a critical legal protection: the elders would not surrender the slayer to the avenger if the death was unintentional. This safeguard ensured that fear or family pressure would not override justice. God's law protected the innocent from being treated as murderers, demonstrating that justice requires accurate knowledge of intent, not merely outcomes.

Verses 6-9: Duration and Accessibility

The slayer remained in the city of refuge until two conditions were met: he stood before the congregation for formal judgment, and the high priest of that era died. The high priest's death marked the end of his exile—a beautiful picture of restoration and new beginnings (see Hebrews 9:15 for New Testament parallels). The passage then lists six cities strategically positioned throughout Israel: three west of the Jordan (Kedesh, Shechem, and Hebron) and three east (Bezer, Ramoth, and Golan). This distribution ensured that no Israelite was more than a day's journey from refuge. Verse 9 explicitly includes the stranger dwelling among Israel, affirming that God's justice and mercy extended to all people within the covenant community.

Application for Today

The cities of refuge point us to Christ, our ultimate refuge. Just as the innocent manslayer fled to a city for protection from judgment he did not deserve, sinners flee to Jesus for refuge from the judgment we do deserve. The cities could not protect the guilty murderer—only the innocent—just as Christ does not excuse or protect those who refuse repentance, but offers full refuge to all who come to Him in faith. In our lives today, we are reminded that God's justice is always balanced with mercy, and that He cares deeply about understanding our hearts and intentions. As believers, we should mirror this compassion in our dealings with others, always seeking to understand circumstances and motivations before rendering judgment.

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